tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-18461991667185662142024-03-08T02:14:54.000-08:00Katherine Ashe's LongviewKatherine Ashehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12487069502818472478noreply@blogger.comBlogger36125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1846199166718566214.post-48249460875196007262014-06-22T17:22:00.003-07:002014-06-30T14:35:39.570-07:00Capitalism and Intellectual Property Rights<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 107%;">Pharmaceuticals and publishing are the two most
striking areas of failure in the capitalist system which, for the most part, has
encouraged the creation of new things and improvements on the old, and has
brought those things to a competitive market at prices that favor the sale of
quantity – in other words, cheaply so the quality of life can be good even for
the poor. </span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 107%;">Wal-Mart may not have the most glowing record as an employer but its
ability to make good food and clothing available at very low prices is evident.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 107%;">But the protections of that broad field of
production defined as intellectual property has become highly problematic in an
age when that very sort of property is disseminated by the internet which has a
strong bias in favor of pricelessness – in both meanings of the word.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 107%;">I’ve written before about the book publishing
industry – in particular the major trade publishers in the United States,
especially those massive conglomerates that center upon Random House and
Viking/Penguin (now reduced, thanks to merger, to just Random House.) </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 107%;">Instead of
cooperating with Amazon, lowering prices and going for quantity sales, they
fought Amazon, determined to keep control of their pricing and to keep their
prices high. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 107%;">The discount model of retailing has long shown that low prices and
quantity sales can result in higher overall profits, but the publishers,
grasping after an old fashioned dignity, could not see the value of that
business model (although their predecessors in management certainly did in
coming forth with good quality paperbacks very cheaply – but now even the
paperbacks are expensive.) </span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 107%;">These publishers missed entirely the advantages of the e-book
which costs six cents to maintain and send out -- with Amazon as distributor (in
place of warehousing, shipping and 40% to the bookstore) taking just 30% of the price above the six cent cost. </span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 107%;">Of course those people in the arts and sciences who write,
who do research and devise new things, must be paid; they must be recompensed and
rewarded for their time. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 107%;">But it’s not the
creators who are gaining the outrageous profits, it’s the publishers, the
corporations, and specifically the executives of those corporations, for heaven
knows the stock holders and those corporate workers who are not at the higher
levels of management aren’t enjoying big pay-outs.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 107%;">Pharmaceutical firms rank as the worst, charging
prices that only the most cynical corporate policies could invent. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 107%;">It's
unconscionable that firms that create and control medications that are required
to cure deadly diseases should fix their prices so high that only the very rich
can afford them. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 107%;">One might see in this a managerial class arrogance that
effectively is committing a selective genocide of the poor and those who are only
moderately well off. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 107%;">But another area of nearly equally unconscionable pricing has
come to my attention. That of the publishing of scientific research – articles
at the cutting edge of research across all fields. Articles necessary for that
very advancement in which capitalism so prides itself.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 107%;">Robert Darnton, in his article “A World Digital
Library Is Coming True!” in The New York Review of Books (May 22, 2014),
despite his encouraging title, informs us of the following: “The average price
of a year’s subscription to a chemistry journal is now $4,040. In 1970 it was
$33. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 107%;">A subscription to the <i>Journal of
Comparative Neurology</i> cost $30,860 in 2012 – the equivalent of six hundred
monographs. </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 107%;">Three giant publishers – Reed Elsevier, Wiley-Blackwell and
Springer – publish 42% of all academic articles. In 2013 Elsevier turned a 39%
profit on an income of 2.1 billion pounds from its science, technology and
medical journals.”</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 107%;">(I highly recommend that anyone interested in
serious discussions of what’s happening in the world subscribe to The New York
Review of Books – which is in no way limited to just reviewing books but takes
a sweeping and in-depth view of what is important to all of us.)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 107%;">These outrageous publishers of scientific papers are dependent upon
scientists, researchers, universities for their journals’ content. Why would
anyone, knowing their work is going to be so limited in distribution – and so
abused for the benefit of corporate management – chose to publish with them? </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 107%;">Prestige is a significant factor. These publishers, back in the days when they
had decent corporate policies, became the grantors of academic imprimatur – if
it was published by them it was to be taken seriously. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 107%;">But now one must
consider that what is published by them perhaps need not be taken seriously –
for the authors must know that few in their fields can afford to see what they’ve
written.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 107%;">The United States Congress has attempted to answer
this problem, repeatedly putting forward legislation that would require that
research paid for by government grants and subsidies be made available free of
charge – after all the research has already been funded by the tax payers. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 107%;">But
the high prices publishers charge mean they have plenty of funding for lobbying
to keep their prices high – and to our shame, too many of our legislators can
be bought. Else neither the high prices of needed drugs nor the high prices of
research information could be sustained beyond a single legislative session.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 107%;"></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 107%;">Congress, Robert Darnton tells us, succeeded in
requiring that research funded by the National Institute of Health be free of
charge at PubMed Central—but lobbyists got a one-year moratorium on
publication. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 107%;">That means any company using the research to bring out a new
product must pay the publisher’s exorbitant price or miss the competitive
market.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 107%;"> </span></span>
</div>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 107%;">Ugly, isn’t it. And directly counter to our liberal
notions of a free market. It seems only the rich -- individual people or
corporations -- should be allowed to survive.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 107%;">But the positive title to Darnton’s article has a
basis. The very scientists who write the articles upon which the costly journals
depend are now rebelling. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 107%;">In 2010 the faculty at the University of California
boycotted the Nature Publishing Company when it informed the university’s
library that it was raising its prices by 400%. The faculty of UC, over the years,
had contributed 5,300 articles to that ungrateful publication.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 107%;">Even more to the point, Harvard, MIT, the University
of Michigan, Johns Hopkins and the University of California at Berkley and San
Francisco have moved to the use of “open access journals” (which means free of charge.) They
have even created funds to cover the processing fees, which apparently can be
considerable in converting an academic article filled with odd characters and
spacings into something uploadable to the internet.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 107%;">Realizing that readership is far more important than
the old and formerly respectable name of a publisher, these universities have
opted for that “free exchange of ideas” that constructive innovation and the
success of capitalism requires. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 107%;">Darnton, citing John Houghton, a specialist in
the economics of information, tells us that in 2006 “a 5% increase in the
accessibility of information would have produced an increase in productivity
worth $16 billion.”</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 107%;">At what cost to us all does anyone still indulge in
the delusion of the prestige of publishing in the old and now ridiculously over-priced
academic journals?</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 107%;">To subscribe to The New York Review of Books: </span><a href="mailto:nyrsub@nybooks.com"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 107%;">nyrsub@nybooks.com</span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 107%;">Katherine Ashe is the author of the Montfort series, a four-volume novelized biography of Simon de Montfort, the founder of modern democracy:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 107%;">http://www.amazon.com/Katherine-Ashe/e/B004OTWHNQ/ref=sr_tc_2_0?qid=1403480789&sr=1-2-ent</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 107%;">book website: www.simon-de-montfort.com</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 107%;">personal website: www.katherineashe.com </span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
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<br /></div>
Katherine Ashehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12487069502818472478noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1846199166718566214.post-45073829176131967502014-05-18T16:07:00.001-07:002014-05-18T16:07:25.368-07:00Communism, Hollywood, Blacklists and Lies<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In the early 20<sup>th</sup> century Communism was a
political idea appealing to thoughtful people in numerous countries. It held
out a solution to the abusive aspects of unrestrained capitalism and the
corrupt favoritism of monarchies. No country was the signal leader in Communism
as yet, and no issue of disloyalty to one’s nation arose, any more than in
adherence to any other political ideology.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Then the Russian Revolution placed the Soviet Union as the
world leader of Communism. In the United States the brutalities of the
revolution caused many Americans to turn away from Communism now that it was
associated with Russia and the destabilizing, violent churnings of Stalin’s
murders.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
But in World War II Russia was the United States’ ally, and the
horrific losses suffered and determined conquest achieved by Russians on the
Eastern Front brought the USSR back into guarded appreciation in the United
States. Communists here felt vindicated, and Communism gained some new
adherents, even though the USSR was now clearly the “home office” of the American
Communist Party.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
There was a sweep of liberalism across the United States;
while voters chose Republican politicians, the labor unions gained in strength.
And when even President Eisenhower, on leaving office, warned that the US’s
principal challenge was its own “military industrial complex”, some saw
Communism as the ultimate counterbalance – even though it meant perhaps a
diversion of loyalty to Russia. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
But Russia, under Stalin and Khrushchev, very
clearly had replaced the principals of communism with dictatorship and a
program of expansion that had engulfed Eastern Europe and avowedly aimed at the
world.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Communist Parties in Western Europe severed themselves from
the USSR and remained viable independent political parties and an expression of
an ideology unconnected to Russia. But in the US the Communist Party retained
its links to Russia. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Spy cases surfaced, with the trial of Julius and Ethel
Rosenberg for smuggling the plans for the atomic bomb to Russia marking the
beginning of the “arms race” and the Cold War that held over the world the real
possibility of annihilation of all life on earth.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
With this new and frightening world order of ever-readiness
for universal death came a profound turning against those Americans who still
adhered to the Communist Party in the United States. It might be looked upon as
restraint that membership was not automatically considered treason. Senator
Joseph Mccarthy headed a Senate investigative committee whose hearings were
televised.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This was in the early days of popular ownership of
television sets and my father and mother watched the proceedings as people
later were fixated watching the burning and collapse of the World Trade Center
– with this difference: the Mccarthy Hearings went on for weeks. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
My father, Fredric M. Frank, was a charter Member of the
Screen Writers’ Guild, now the Writers Guild of America. He wrote films as a
staff writer for Cecil B. de Mille. Patriotism and basic Christian faith (although
my father was Jewish by descent) were values not imposed but shared by de Mille’s
staff.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When the Guild, moved
by the Mccarthy hearings, began looking into Communist Party affiliations among
its own membership, Fredric Frank was concerned, as were most Guild members
then, about the influence that Communist adherents might have through the very
influential medium of popular movies. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
A Blacklist was created by the Guild to
alert studios to those writers who were members of the Communist Party or who
refused to co-operate with the Mccarthy Hearings. Listed writers found work
hard or impossible to get in Hollywood; most were forced to write under other
names and/or to emigrate to Europe.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Among them were several of film’s finest writers.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
One might well ask why these intelligent people continued to
adhere to a party led by a foreign government that had so signally failed to
effectively develop the principals of communism, that seized its neighboring
countries’ assets and held on to them though the invading force of tanks – a
country that was led by ruthless dictatorship and had a program of
international imperialism. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
When many of their American comrades had renounced
Russia’s travesty of communism, why did some still adhere and continue to be
faithful to their Russian allied Communist Party when most Americans were
looking upon Russia with cosiderable fear?</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
With the aging of the Cold War (without annihilation coming
upon us), then with the collapse of the Soviet Union, the seriousness with
which the Communist threat was taken in the 1950s ceased to be understood. And
by the mid-1960s the Blacklisted screenwriters were free to write again under
their own names in Hollywood.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
And the backlash to the Blacklist set in. While the Guild as
a whole took no responsibility for establishing the Blacklist, its members
pointed out sacrificial victims, claiming their motives were not concern for
their country but merely professional jealousy. Those targeted to take the
blame for the Blacklist were now blacklisted themselves.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Among those targeted was my father, Fredric M. Frank. He had
among his writing credits the de Mille films <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Samson and Delilah, </i>the circus picture <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Greatest Show on Earth</i> for which he won an Oscar, and the
classic <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Ten Commandments.</i> Now, at
the height of his career, he was unable to get work.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In fifteen years (he died
in 1977) he was able to sell only one screenplay. It was written solely by him,
on speculation, and it was <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">El Cid.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">El Cid</i> was sold
through the producer Philip Yordan to Samuel Bronston who produced epic
spectacle cinemas in Spain. Fredric moved to Spain for the better part of a
year, rewriting his screenplay with the assistance of Spain’s foremost scholars
of the life of Roderigo Diaz de Bivar, known as El Cid. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Fredric’s contract with
Bronston specified that when the completed shooting script was delivered and
accepted and the final payment for the script paid, he was free to leave Spain
and return home – this is a common clause in Guild scripts. (It was common
practice in film making then for the miner rewrites needed in the course of
shooting to be done by an uncredited rewrite person available on the set -- sometimes the producer or director's secretary..)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Seeing the completed film, my father was surprised to find
rather fatuous scenes added to enlarge the role of Chimene for Sophia Lauren; and that now, instead of a producer’s credit, Yordan had a screenwriting
credit. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Yordan explained that Loren’s role had to be enlarged and his
secretary, Clemmy, had done the job. He did not mention that the Italian
government had put forth one million dollars to cover the costs of making Loren
the second highest–paid film actress ever at that time. No wonder the role was
enlarged and the camera lingered on her, to the disgust of her fellow-actor
Charlton Heston.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
That was how the issue remained until the 1990s. By this
time the writers who had been blacklisted as Communists had become heroic
victims and the writers who had supported the Blacklist were condemned or
forgotten. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
But now the widow of one of the openly Communist writers,
Ben Barzman, claimed that her husband was the actual writer of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">El Cid. </i>Barzman had died in 1989 and
never seems to have made any such claim himself, although Communist writers had
long since been re-embraced by Hollywood.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
But sympathy flew to the widow, Norma Barzman, whose claims
grew more and more exaggerated. She may be seen repeatedly on features appended
to the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">El Cid</i> video, claiming that
the Fredric Frank script was “trash”, “useless” and that, at the urging of
Loren and Bronston, her husband re-wrote the whole shooting script – beginning
with the opening scenes, inspired by the classic French play by Corneille.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Indeed, the whole of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">El
Cid</i> was inspired by Fred Frank’s reading of the Corneille play – and those
opening scenes were filmed exactly as Frank, not Barzman, wrote them. (I have
my father’s shooting scripts to prove it.)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Ben Barzman may have been the rewrite person at the shoots, present when the actors were present, but his contributions to the script were miner, if indeed his widow's claims are not complete fabrications intended chiefly to discredit a fancied political enemy.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The anti-Communist Blacklist lasted at most ten years –
years of terrible struggle for the writers blocked from pursuing their
professions in the United States. But the Backlash Blacklist, and the
unconscionable support of claims such as those of Norma Barzman, have continued
for more than thirty years and been perpetuated by irresponsible features
producers and misplaced sympathies.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
What’s to be gained from this? Hatred begets hatred, and no
matter how patriotic the motive, the initiators can run the greatest risk of
unending vindictiveness.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Katherine Ashehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12487069502818472478noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1846199166718566214.post-29192015237719124422014-05-14T12:46:00.004-07:002014-06-30T14:36:01.361-07:00Democracy, on its 750th Anniversary<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
Democracy as we know it began in England in the summer of
1258. The document that set forth its shape and functions is not the much
lauded Magna Carta, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>but the Provisions
of Oxford, and the slightly amplified Provisions of Westminster written three
months later. </div>
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<br /></div>
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These two Constitutions are little known because knowledge
of them and their champion Simon de Montfort was suppressed for seven hundred
years. Fifty years ago today Queen Elizabeth II signaled recognition of England’s
stupendous leap toward modern government by celebrating the event that regained
the government of the Provisions: Simon de Montfort’s miraculous victory over
the royal forces at Lewes, May 14, 1264.</div>
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<br /></div>
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That victory has been re-enacted this year, and it’s hoped
that, though the Queen’s gesture fifty years ago brought little on-going
acknowledgement of Montfort and the Provisions, now and in the coming years his
astonishing achievement -- and the importance of the document created by
committees of lords and clergymen at Oxford in 1258 -- will be realized and
celebrated as they ought.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
What did the Provisions set forth? A Parliament composed of
two Houses, one elected by the common people; a Chancellor (keeper of the royal
seal without which no document was official) and Justiciar (head of the royal
courts of law) chosen by the Parliament. The King remained upon the throne (the
executive branch: president or prime minister in most modern democracies) but
had power only to officially ratify Parliament’s decisions.</div>
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There had been “parliaments” before 1258, the word means
merely a “gathering to talk.” Emperors, kings, warlords and tribal chiefs from
time immemorial had sought advice from their followers, priests and even some
common subjects they selected. What marks the Parliament of the Provisions as
unique is that the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Parliament</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">had power over the king. </b>And it met
thrice yearly at a regularly appointed time and place – whether the king
summoned it or not. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Edward I summoned a “parliament” that included common men. Diverting
attention from the far more radical powers of the Provisions, his is often
called “the great Parliament.” Edward was in no way compelled to follow his
gathering’s decisions – and for the most part he didn’t. Not until the
revolution of Oliver Cromwell did Parliament regain its full force -- with the
exception of the years 1264-1265, and it is this restoration that is celebrated
on its 750<sup>th</sup> anniversary today.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
What happened between the close of the meeting at Oxford in
1258 and May 1264 that many celebrate today as if it were the anniversary of
the birth of England’s Parliament? </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
At the Oxford meeting’s close the lords who, in committees,
created the Provisions, departed in haste, pursuing King Henry III’s Lusignan half-brothers.
They feared the brothers would escape to the continent and raise an army
against the astonishing new form of government just proposed. Besieging the Lusignan
brothers in the castle at Winchester, the lords fell victim to poison – a favorite
Lusignan response to siege (they had poisoned King Louis IX’s army when they
were besieged at Frontenay in Gascony in 1242.) </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Simon de Montfort, the Earl of Leicester and England’s chief
military tactician, alone of the lords, did not go to Winchester but remained
at Oxford deftly putting the Provisions into effect, sending summons to all
England’s sheriffs to hold elections of “knights of the shire” to come and
represent the common people’s will at the newly constituted, and regularly
scheduled, Parliament to be held in October. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
At that October meeting King Henry and his heir, Edward,
were made to swear to uphold the Provisions and the Parliament it created. In
the following year, at the next Parliament, the slightly amended, and
strengthened, Provisions were adopted under the name of the Provisions of
Westminster.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
But now opposition to the innovations was gaining strength.
The very lords (those who had survived the poisoning) who’d been delighted to
curb the royal prerogatives of taxation and Henry’s particular offenses, were
infuriated when those same curbs of law were applied to their own powers over their
peasantry. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
And there were the Ordinances – a proposal that would radically
change the economic system of feudalism to something approaching modern
socialism. The Ordinances were repeatedly blocked from coming up for vote. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
From what did such radical, almost socialist, thinking
spring? </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The philosophical/theological foundation upon which this amazing
revolution was built was the millennial theory of a twelfth century theologian,
Joachim de Fiore. He held that the year 1260 was to mark the advent of the
Third Era of mankind: a thousand years in which kingship, individual nations
and the church would dissolve into a single world order governed by the common
man through the process of free elections.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The revolution of 1258 was a practical response by the lords
and clergy of England to a long pattern of abuses by King Henry, but their
actions were seen by the common people, and by the Franciscan and Dominican friars
who preached to them, as the advent of the New Age. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
And Simon de Montfort, taking upon himself the
responsibility of making the government of the Provisions a reality, was seen
as God’s agent – the Angel of the Millennium.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
King Henry, never acquiescing in the Provisions, worked for
its suppression and by 1260 he was ready to oppose Parliament with an army
brought from France. Montfort, in a move that stuns the imagination, stole the
army initially collected and brought it to England to defend the Parliament.
When Henry eventually arrived in England, protesting his innocence and love of
Parliament, Montfort was tried for treason.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The trial, held in France and postponed until 1262, released
Montfort from all charges. But by that time Parliament in England had fallen
victim to King Henry’s undermining and the lords’ betrayal of the principals
that would have given their own people recourse against abuse.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Having had enough of England, preparing to go to Palestine,
Montfort was approached by clergymen and the young heirs of England’s nobility who
embraced the Provisions. An army was raised to oppose the King and lords, and,
succumbing to temptation, Montfort returned to England and agreed to lead it.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
At first victory was his. City after city capitulated or was
conquered, King Henry and Edward were effectively held prisoners and made to
accept the Provisions. But with the King and Prince’s escape. Facing direct military
confrontation against the monarch to whom his loyalty had been solemnly sworn, Montfort
opted for arbitration by the King of France – supposing he again would win in France’s
Court. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
But, injured in a riding accident, Montfort could not attend,
and the Mise of Amiens declared the Provisions null – against God’s principals
of Creation -- as currently interpreted by Thomas Aquinas whose theology now was
favored over that of revolution-provoking Joachim.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Montfort refused to accept the decision at Amiens and openly
went to war against his king. The common folk hailed him as the Angel with the
Sword of the Apocalypse. But his army consisted of his sons, a few young lords,
noble youths untried in battle, archers from Wales and from the criminal
hideouts of Sherwood and the Weald and several thousand Londoners distinguished
for rapine.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
These amateurs faced the large, battle-wise army of the
lords of England and their knights, King Henry himself, Prince Edward and Henry’s
clever brother Richard, the elected King of the Germans. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
After the Londoners in his following raped and murdered their
way through the city of Rochester, Montfort clearly came to doubt the divine
mission of his cause. Repeatedly he begged King Henry for peace and amnesty — up
to the night of May 13 when, following the royal army at a slight distance, he
sent ahead the Bishops of London and Worcester, offering his personal surrender
and payment of reparations to the sum of thirty-thousand pounds.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
King Henry, lodging at the priory in the village of Lewes,
refused to grant mercy. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
With no recourse -- with death inevitable as inexperienced
youths and rabble faced the King’s well-armed, well-taught military, Simon de
Montfort had the two bishops administer the Last Rights to his whole army. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Then, through the night, they marched to Lewes, taking up positions
on three peninsulas of the high downs that probed above the little valley of Lewes.
Dawn was their signal to gallop headlong to their deaths amid the King’s camp
gathered round the priory. At dawn Montfort’s army made their hopeless attack.
It was the morning of May 14, 1264, 750 years ago this day.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Miraculously, by afternoon the army of the Provisions and
its commander Simon de Montfort were victorious. The royal arm was destroyed,
most of the lords of England, the King and his brother Richard were held
prisoner. Prince Edward, who had absented himself and his soldiers from the
battlefield, intent upon pursuing fleeing Londoners across the downs, was held
tightly at siege in Lewes’ little castle. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Angel of the Apocalypse and his army of innocents (cleansed
by Edward of its murderous Londoners) had won. It seemed indeed a miracle. And
it confirmed that the Provisions were God’s Will for mankind.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Nothing, not even God’s so manifested will, seems to move
with steady progress in history. Within a year the forces opposing the Provisions
had regrouped, and vanquished the Provisions’ partisans at the battle of Evesham. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Montfort was slain and his body desecrated, but from beneath
all that remained -- his naked torso -- a spring came forth, its waters proclaimed
to have healing powers. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Montfort was revered as the champion of the great lost
cause, the Angel with the Sword, or possible the Risen Christ returned to bring
God’s kingdom to mankind: that new order governed through direct divine
inspiration and election -- when God’s Will would be done on earth as it is in
heaven.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
We have yet two hundred years to go in this millennium of
revolution. Thomas Merton foresaw the coming of a united world ruled by all
mankind as achievable through technological. This advent of World Consciousness
we seem on our way to achieving through the internet. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
But will mankind be wise? The revolution of Joachim and
Simon de Montfort was one of faith. We might achieve dominance of a unified
world by the common man in two hundred years – but where is the divine spirit
guiding each soul to act and vote well? <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We
can create the new tools of the Millennium – but can we create the new man?</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Katherine Ashe is the author of the four-volume novelized
biography of Simon de Montfort. The volumes relevant to the above article are <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Montfort the Revolutionary 1253-1260</i> and
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Montfort the Angel with the Sword 1260 –
1265</i>, and both contain a full bibliography of medieval and modern sources.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Montfort-Revolutionary-1253-Katherine-Ashe/dp/145284447X/ref=la_B004OTWHNQ_1_2?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1400096222&sr=1-2">http://www.amazon.com/Montfort-Revolutionary-1253-Katherine-Ashe/dp/145284447X/ref=la_B004OTWHNQ_1_2?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1400096222&sr=1-2</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
http://www.amazon.com/Montfort-Angel-Sword-1260-1265/dp/1452844232/ref=la_B004OTWHNQ_1_4?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1400096222&sr=1-4<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: small; line-height: 107%;">book website: www.simon-de-montfort.com</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: small; line-height: 107%;">personal website: www.katherineashe.com</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Katherine Ashehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12487069502818472478noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1846199166718566214.post-34004071110652477172014-05-05T18:50:00.002-07:002014-06-30T14:10:27.411-07:00Ukraine, then and now<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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" 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<div class="MsoNormal">
Vladimir amid the poppies<br />
<br />
Vladimir, son of Prince Igor, dreams of his love for Konchakovna,
the daughter of his people’s enemy. The dream mankind cherishes of peace that
surpasses history and hatred.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
Amid the poppies now:<br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1846199166718566214" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1846199166718566214" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><img alt="" 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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1846199166718566214" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1846199166718566214" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1846199166718566214" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1846199166718566214" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1846199166718566214" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a></div>
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When can we grow beyond issues of borders, of trade, of
history, and cease to hate, to kill?</div>
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Sometimes two pictures say more than can be said in words.<br />
<br />
photo of the soldier thanks to Oleg Sergheev <br />
<br />
Katherine Ashe is the author of the Montfort series on the life of the founder of modern elective government. <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Montfort-Early-Years-1229-1243/dp/143926466X/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1359478017&sr=8-2&keywords=Katherine+Ashe">http://www.amazon.com/Montfort-Early-Years-1229-1243/dp/143926466X/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1359478017&sr=8-2&keywords=Katherine+Ashe</a><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: small; line-height: 107%;">book website: www.simon-de-montfort.com</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: small; line-height: 107%;">personal website: www.katherineashe.com</span><br />
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Katherine Ashehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12487069502818472478noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1846199166718566214.post-89849088026491927012014-04-30T14:22:00.001-07:002014-04-30T21:50:27.792-07:00Food, Fat and Personal Responsibility<div class="MsoNormal">
Gluttony used to be a sin. Now it’s become
what? A lifestyle choice? Or a politely ignored , very publicly
displayed choice of suicide.<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
It
used to be, if you went to a buffet restaurant in one of my local
country towns the only people under 300 pounds were the staff. Not so
any longer. I suspect the biggies, having gotten ever bigger, no longer
can get out the door and into the car. What’s going on? Even Oprah
wasn’t able to make an appreciable dent in the fat fashion.<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
A
real estate agent I once worked with could no longer get out of his
chair to show properties. Another had a stomach stapling and deflated to
something like the shape of a normal human being, but his spirit seemed
crushed.<br />
<br /></div>
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But
the example that 'takes the cake', in my experience, was shown me when I
was working as an election day poll watcher in a nearby village. A
woman was brought in a wheelchair, a very wide wheelchair but she
generously overlapped it. There was no question of getting her into a
voting booth.<br />
<br />
We – three of us – rolled her over to a
table where she could make out a ballot while we looked the other way.
No good. Her hands, resting like flippers on her inflated girth,
couldn’t reach the table. A clip board was held under her chin and she
managed to paw her way through her assorted x’s. Of course her hands
could reach her chin. Before she left us, a friend of hers bought a
whole coconut cream layer cake – just for her.<br />
<br />
Which
makes the point that she didn’t get that way all by herself. Her
condition required considerable maintenance. But she soon passed beyond
amateur care and was moved to a nursing home – where she since has died.
She was only in her forties.<br />
<br />
<br /></div>
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At
other times in other places public disapproval might work to curb some
of this. But it isn’t doing much here in the United States. The
exceedingly plump daughter of a friend of mine wrote a play in college
and the play went on to some commercial success. It was an eloquent plea
for tolerance equating gross obesity with race and sexual preference.<br />
</div>
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Really?
one might ask. Race has of course nothing to do with behavioral choice,
and sexual choice has ceased to be a major health issue with gays long
since paying attention to the AIDS risk. But obesity is disabling and
ultimately deadly. Some people, yes, are chunky by nature. No human is
400 pounds by nature. Such heft has taken determined work over a
considerable period of time.<br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The
sight of a woman in stretch pants with a pendulous stomach that hangs to
her knees and swings as she waddles is shocking. Or of a man who has
not been able to see his feet for years.<br />
<br />
Corporate
producers of food have made a battle-cry of "Fat Free", making up for
the deficit by lacing everything with sugar. But even the most wholesome
food is dangerous in excess.<br />
<br />
In the past a large part,
if not the majority, of the earth's human population hadn't as much to
eat as they wanted, or even needed. With abundance available in much of
the world now, we need to learn to recognize when we’ve had enough to
sustain normal health and energy, and just stop eating.<br />
<br />
It should be as simple as that.<br />
<br /></div>
We
can't blame excessive flab on the food packagers and fast food
purveyors. The dictum of business is "give the people what they want."
It's the consumer's choice that determines what the food will be. Nobody
becomes obese from a single burger once in a while. It’s the person who
has a tray full of burgers all for himself, who's misusing food that,
in its basic serving portion, would be reasonably nutritious for an
active person burning off the calories.<br />
<br />
That Freedom
that we claim as so essential to happiness carries with it
responsibility. And responsibility, even in this most basic form, seems
sorely lacking. Katherine Ashehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12487069502818472478noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1846199166718566214.post-47324568017754425512014-04-23T19:09:00.000-07:002014-06-30T14:36:53.004-07:00Kindred: the Founder of Parliament and the British Royal House:Simon de Montfort to Princess Diana and Prince William.<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">While, these days, study of the human genome has
enabled us to trace our lineage to any number of unsuspected ancestors from
kings to Neanderthals, the tracing of links of kinship not through DNA but
through the records of births and marriages has its surprises – and its
interest in revealing not merely the storyless trace of decent but something of
the process and the people themselves. Valentina Baciu’s researches in the
genealogy of the Montfort family provide insights into the Spencer family’s
Montfort heritage, as well as that of the British Royal House.</span><br />
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Simon de Montfort, the Earl of Leicester who founded
England’s parliament in 1258, reestablished it in his near miraculous victory
at Lewes (the 750<sup>th</sup> anniversary is being celebrated this year). In
1265, on the slopes of Green Hill at Evesham Montfort fought and died for the
rights of the common man to choose his government.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Four of Montfort’s seven children survived him, but
only his daughter Eleanor and his third son Guy had known issue. Eleanor, wed to
the prince of northern Wales, Llewelyn ap Gruffid, bore (according to some
early records) two daughters, Gwencillian who was consigned to a convent
shortly after her birth. The second daughter, Katherine, was wedded to the
prince of southern Wales thus uniting the royal lineages of Wales.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Henry VIII emblazoned the end wall of his hall in
Winchester with a family tree emphasizing his descent from Simon de Montfort
through Owen Tudor and the princes of Wales.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This genealogy has been spurned by scholars as a blatant attempt to give
Queen Katherine, the widow of King Henry V, a better lineage for her lover and
second husband Owen Tudor. However, King Henry need not have stretched the
point on his own behalf since his grandmother Elizabeth Woodville, Queen to
Edward IV, was herself a descendent of Simon de Montfort.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">However, Valentina Baciu has further unearthed as
well the Spencer family’s Montfort connections and Princess Diana’s links to
the Founder of Parliament.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">Simon de Montfort
-> Guy de Montfort→Anastasia de Montfort→1) Roberto Orsini→ 2) Nicola
Orsini→ 3) Raimondello Orsini del Balzo→ 4) Caterina Orsini del Balzo→ 5) Isabella
de Clermont(de Chiaromonte)→ 6) Federigo de Aragon→ 7) Charlotte de Aragon(de
Napoli, de Tarento)→ 8) Anne de Montfort→ 9) Louis de la Tremouille→ 10) Claude,
1st duke de la Tremouille married to Charlotte de Nassau→ 11) Charlotte de la
Tremouille→ 12) Amelia Ann Sophia , Lady Stanley→ 13)John Murray→ 14) Ann
Susan, Lady Murray→ 15) Catherine Gordon, Lady of Aberdeen→ 16) Alexander
Gordon→ 17) Georgiana Elizabeth, Lady of Gordon→ 18) Louisa Jane Russel→ 19) James
Hamilton→ 20) James Albert Edward Hamilton, 3rd duke of Abercorn→ 21) Cynthia
Elinor Beatrix, Lady Hamilton married Albert Edward John Spencer→ 22) Edward
John 8th Earl Spencer married Frances Ruth Burke→ 23) Princess Diana of Wales
->24) William Arthur Philip Louis Windsor.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">A few of the
details: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1) Roberto Orsini, Count of Nola</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">, </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR;">Count of Soleto, of Soana and Nettuno</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">2) </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Nicolo Orsini</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(27
august 1331-1399) </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Grand Justiciar and Grand Chancellor of
Kingdom of Naples.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3)<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Raimondo
Orsini del Balzo</b></span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"> (</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Raimondello)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(~1361- 1406),<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Count of Soleto (1382), Duke of Benevento
(1385-1401), <a href="http://en-gb.facebook.com/pages/w/102281516494122"><span style="color: windowtext;">Prince of Taranto</span></a> (1393-1406), <a href="http://en-gb.facebook.com/pages/w/139251562760325"><span style="color: windowtext;">Count of Lecce</span></a> (1401-06), Prince of
Taranto, Duke of Bari, Grand Constable of the <a href="http://en-gb.facebook.com/pages/w/137869742903564"><span style="color: windowtext;">Kingdom of Naples</span></a>, Gonfaloner of the Holy
Roman Church, Lord Protector of the King of Naples, 1385. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4) Caterina Orsini, di Taranto, (b. aft. 1386)
married the knight Barthelemi Tristan, Seigneur de Claremont-Lodeve
(Chiaramonte), Count de Copertino (d.1432)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5) <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Isabella
di<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Chiaromonte,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Princess of Taranto, queen of Naples (d.
1456), Isabella also inherited the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brienne_claim_to_the_Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Brienne claim to the Kingdom of Jerusalem"><span style="color: windowtext;">Brienne
claim</span></a> to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><span style="color: windowtext;">Kingdom of Jerusalem</span></a>.
Married<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="http://fabpedigree.com/s070/f861358.htm" title="K.G.; K.Go.Fl.; Dates: 1423? - 1494"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Ferdinand I de A<span style="color: windowtext;">ragon</span>, King of N<span style="color: windowtext;">aples</span></span></a></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">6)<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Federico I
de Aragon</b>, King of Naples ( 1452 – 1504). The last <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples"><span style="color: windowtext;">King of Naples</span></a> of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Trast%C3%A1mara" title="House of Trastámara"><span style="color: windowtext;">House of Trastámara</span></a>,
ruling from 1496 to 1501. Married Anne de Savoie (1455- 1480) daughter of <a href="http://fabpedigree.com/s010/f284105.htm" title="aka Amadeo IX di SAVOIA; `the Happy'"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Amedee IX , D<span style="color: windowtext;">uke of</span> S<span style="color: windowtext;">avoie</span></span><span style="color: windowtext;"> (1435 - 1472)</span></a>, granddaughter of Anne
de Lusignan. The Savoie are the royal family of Italy today.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">7) <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Charlotte
de Aragon,</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Princess of Taranto
( aft. 1478 – 1506). Brought up in France, she spent most of her life
at the French court. Cesare Borgia wanted to marry her, but she refused.
Married <a href="http://fabpedigree.com/s074/f053899.htm" title="also Comte de Montfort et de St.Quintin; Dates: 1476 - 1531"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Guy XV, Comte de L<span style="color: windowtext;">aval</span></span></a>
(1476 – 1531) who inherited the title Comte de Montfort et de
St.Quintin: the Laval branch of the Montfort family descended from Simon’s
brother Amaury de Monfort.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">8) <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Anne de
Montfort<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Laval</b> (1505 – 1553) married
Francois de la Tremouille, Vicomte de Thouars; Prince de Talmond (1502-1541)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">9) <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Louis
(III) de la Tremouille</b>, (1521-1577) 1st Duke of Thouars, Prince of <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmont-Saint-Hilaire" title="Talmont-Saint-Hilaire"><span style="color: windowtext;">Talmond</span></a>
and <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principaut%C3%A9_de_Tarente" title="Principauté de Tarente"><span style="color: windowtext;">Tarente</span></a>,
Count of <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taillebourg" title="Taillebourg"><span style="color: windowtext;">Taillebourg</span></a> (<a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1542" title="1542"><span style="color: windowtext;">1542</span></a>-<a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1550" title="1550"><span style="color: windowtext;">1550</span></a>),
Baron of Sully.</span></div>
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">10) <b>Claude de La Trémoïlle</b></span>,
(<a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1566" title="1566"><span style="color: windowtext;">1566</span></a> -<a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1604" title="1604"><span style="color: windowtext;">1604</span></a>) 2<sup>e</sup> <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicomte_de_Thouars" title="Vicomte de Thouars"><span style="color: windowtext;">Duke of Thouars</span></a>,
Prince of Talmond, Count of <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_des_comtes_de_Gu%C3%AEnes" title="Liste des comtes de Guînes"><span style="color: windowtext;">Guînes</span></a>,
Baron of <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sully-sur-Loire" title="Sully-sur-Loire"><span style="color: windowtext;">Sully</span></a>, Berrie,
Mauléon: married <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte-Brabantine_d%27Orange-Nassau" title="Charlotte-Brabantine d'Orange-Nassau"><span style="color: windowtext;">Charlotte-Brabantine
d'Orange-Nassau</span></a> (1580- 1631), daughter of <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_Ier_d%27Orange-Nassau" title="Guillaume Ier d'Orange-Nassau"><span style="color: windowtext;">William <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(the
Silent) of Orange-Nassau</span></a> and of Charlotte de Bourbon-Montpensier. <br />
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">11) </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Charlotte de Tremoille </b>(<a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1599" title="1599"><span style="color: windowtext;">1599</span></a> - <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1664" title="1664"><span style="color: windowtext;">1664</span></a>),
Countess of Derby: <b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">married<b> James Stanley</b></span>, 7<sup>th</sup>
<a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comte_de_Derby" title="Comte de Derby"><span style="color: windowtext;">Count of Derby</span></a>, during the life of his
father he was styled <i>Lord Strange. </i>Lord of the Isle of Man called <i>Y
Stanlagh Mooar</i> ( The Great Stanley) eldest son of <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Stanley_%286e_comte_de_Derby%29" title="William Stanley (6e comte de Derby)"><span style="color: windowtext;">William
Stanley</span></a> and Elizabeth de Vere. <br />
12) <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Lady Amelia Ann Sophia Stanley</b>
(1633 to 1702/1703) married <b>John Murray, 1st Marquess of Atholl</b>, a
leading <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland"><span style="color: windowtext;">Scottish</span></a> royalist and defender of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart"><span style="color: windowtext;">Stuarts</span></a> during the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War"><span style="color: windowtext;">English Civil War</span></a> of the 1640s, and until
after the rise to power of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England"><span style="color: windowtext;">William</span></a>
and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_II_of_England" title="Mary II of England"><span style="color: windowtext;">Mary</span></a> in
1689. He succeeded as 2nd <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Atholl" title="Earl of Atholl"><span style="color: windowtext;">Earl of Atholl</span></a>
on his father's demise in June 1642 and as 3rd <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Tullibardine" title="Earl of Tullibardine"><span style="color: windowtext;">Earl of
Tullibardine</span></a> after the death of his first cousin the 2nd Earl in
1670.<br />
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">13)<b> John Murray, </b></span>(1660
– 1724) <b>1st Duke of Atholl</b>, fought in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution"><span style="color: windowtext;">Glorious Revolution</span></a>
for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England"><span style="color: windowtext;">William III</span></a>
and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_II_of_England" title="Mary II of England"><span style="color: windowtext;">Mary II</span></a>, was
created <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1st<b> </b>Earl of Tullibardine</span>
by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England"><span style="color: windowtext;">William III of
England</span></a> in 1696, was created the <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1st Duke of Atholl</span> by Queen Anne in 1703. <br />
14) <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Lady Susan Murray</b> 1699 –
1725) married <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gordon,_2nd_Earl_of_Aberdeen" title="William Gordon, 2nd Earl of Aberdeen"><span style="color: windowtext;">William
Gordon, 2nd Earl of Aberdeen</span></a>.<br />
15) <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Lady Catherine Gordon</b>
(1718–1799) married her distant cousin, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Cosmo
George Gordon, 3rd Duke of Gordon</span>, styled <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Marquess of Huntly</span> until 1728. Gordon was the son of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Gordon,_2nd_Duke_of_Gordon" title="Alexander Gordon, 2nd Duke of Gordon"><span style="color: windowtext;">2nd
Duke of Gordon</span></a> and was named after his father's close, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism"><span style="color: windowtext;">Jacobite</span></a> friend, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosimo_III_de%27_Medici,_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany" title="Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany"><span style="color: windowtext;">Cosimo
III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany</span></a>. <br />
16) <b>Alexander Gordon </b>(1743 – 1827)<b>, 4th Duke of Gordon</b>,
described by Kaimes as the "greatest subject in Britain", known as
the Cock o' the North, the traditional epithet of the chief of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Gordon" title="Clan Gordon"><span style="color: windowtext;">Gordon clan</span></a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keeper_of_the_Great_Seal_of_Scotland" title="Keeper of the Great Seal of Scotland"><span style="color: windowtext;">Keeper
of the Great Seal of Scotland</span></a> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography"><span style="color: windowtext;">Dictionary
of National Biography</span></a></i> described him thus: <i>"At the time
of his marriage the Duke was reputed one of the handsomest men of his
day."</i> Credited as founder of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Setter" title="Gordon Setter"><span style="color: windowtext;">Gordon Setter</span></a> breed of dog.<br />
17)<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Lady Georgiana Gordon</b> (1781 –
1853), married<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Russell,_6th_Duke_of_Bedford" title="John Russell, 6th Duke of Bedford"><span style="color: windowtext;">John
Russell, 6th Duke of Bedford</span></a>, the father of Prime Minister <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell"><span style="color: windowtext;">John
Russell, 1st Earl Russell</span></a> (placed equestrian statue of Simon de
Montfort in front of the Houses of Parliament – statue is presently labeled
Richard Coeur de Lion.)<br />
18)<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Lady <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisa_Jane_Russell" title="Louisa Jane Russell"><span style="color: windowtext;">Louisa Jane Russell</span></a></b>
(1812 – 1905), married <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hamilton,_1st_Duke_of_Abercorn" title="James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Abercorn"><span style="color: windowtext;">James
Hamilton, 1st Duke of Abercorn</span></a>. <br />
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">19)<b> James Hamilton, </b></span>(1838
– 1913), <b>2nd Duke of Abercorn</b> styled <b>Viscount Hamilton</b> then <b>Marquess
of Hamilton</b> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_of_the_Bedchamber" title="Lord of the Bedchamber"><span style="color: windowtext;">Lord of the
Bedchamber</span></a> to Edward, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VII_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Edward VII of the United Kingdom"><span style="color: windowtext;">Prince
of Wales</span></a> from 1866 to 1885. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_County_Donegal" title="Lord Lieutenant of County Donegal"><span style="color: windowtext;">Lord
Lieutenant of County Donegal</span></a>, and member of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Ireland" title="Privy Council of Ireland"><span style="color: windowtext;">Privy Council
of Ireland</span></a>. Married <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Hamilton,_Duchess_of_Abercorn" title="Maria Hamilton, Duchess of Abercorn"><span style="color: windowtext;">Lady
Maria Anna Curzon-Howe</span></a> (1848–1929), daughter of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Curzon-Howe,_1st_Earl_Howe" title="Richard Curzon-Howe, 1st Earl Howe"><span style="color: windowtext;">Richard
Curzon-Howe, 1st Earl Howe</span></a>.<br />
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">20)<b> James Albert Edward Hamilton </b></span>(1869
– 1953)<b>, 3rd Duke of Abercorn</b>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_of_the_Most_Noble_Order_of_the_Garter" title="Knight of the Most Noble Order of the Garter"><span style="color: windowtext;">KG</span></a>,
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_of_the_Most_Illustrious_Order_of_Saint_Patrick" title="Knight of the Most Illustrious Order of Saint Patrick"><span style="color: windowtext;">KP</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Counsellor_%28United_Kingdom%29" title="Privy Counsellor (United Kingdom)"><span style="color: windowtext;">PC</span></a>,
styled <b>Marquess of Hamilton</b> Married Lady Rosalind Cecilia Caroline Bingham,
daughter of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Bingham,_4th_Earl_of_Lucan" title="Charles Bingham, 4th Earl of Lucan"><span style="color: windowtext;">Charles
Bingham, 4th Earl of Lucan</span></a> and Lady Cecilia Catherine Gordon-Lennox.<br />
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">21)<b> Cynthia Elinor Beatrix
Spencer, Countess Spencer</b></span> (1897 – 1972), known as <b>Lady Cynthia
Hamilton</b> until her marriage, and from then as <b>Viscountess Althorp</b>
until 1922 when her husband inherited his father's title of Earl. Married <b>Albert
Edward John Spencer, 7th Earl Spencer,</b> known less formally as
"Jack" Spencer.<br />
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">22)<b> Edward John
"Johnnie" Spencer, </b></span>(1924 – 1992), <b>8th Earl Spencer</b>,
(styled <b>Viscount Althorp</b> until 1975) Educated at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eton_College" title="Eton College"><span style="color: windowtext;">Eton</span></a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Military_Academy_Sandhurst" title="Royal Military Academy Sandhurst"><span style="color: windowtext;">Royal
Military College</span></a> at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandhurst,_Berkshire" title="Sandhurst, Berkshire"><span style="color: windowtext;">Sandhurst</span></a>,
and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Agricultural_College" title="Royal Agricultural College"><span style="color: windowtext;">Royal
Agricultural College</span></a>. A <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_%28British_Army_and_Royal_Marines%29" title="Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)"><span style="color: windowtext;">Captain</span></a>
in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Scots_Greys" title="Royal Scots Greys"><span style="color: windowtext;">Royal Scots Greys</span></a>,
Lord Spencer fought in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War" title="Second World War"><span style="color: windowtext;">Second World War</span></a> from 1944 to 1945. 1947 to
1950, Lord Spencer served as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aide-de-Camp" title="Aide-de-Camp"><span style="color: windowtext;">Aide-de-Camp</span></a> to
then-<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governors_of_South_Australia" title="Governors of South Australia"><span style="color: windowtext;">Governor of
South Australia</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willoughby_Norrie,_1st_Baron_Norrie" title="Willoughby Norrie, 1st Baron Norrie"><span style="color: windowtext;">Willoughby
Norrie</span></a>.<br />
23) <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Diana Spencer </b>(1961-1997)
Married <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Charles, Prince of Wales, son of
Queen Elizabeth II. Princess of Wales, </b>Duchess of Cornwall, Duchess of
Rothesay, Countess of Chester, Baroness of Renfrew. Mother of Princes William
and Harry Wales, Captain, Army Air Corps.<br />
24) William Arthur Philip Louis (b.1982), Prince William, Duke of Cambridge,
Earl of Strathearn. Married Catherine Elizabeth Middleton, Duchess of
Cambridge.<br />
25) George Alexander Louis (b. 2013) styled Prince George of Cambridge.<br />
<br />
Valentina Baciu contributes the genealogy feature on www.simon-de-montfort.com<br />
<br />
Katherine Ashe is the author of the four volume Montfort novelized series<br />
http://www.amazon.com/Katherine-Ashe/e/B004OTWHNQ/ref=sr_tc_2_0?qid=1398361940&sr=1-2-ent<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: small; line-height: 107%;">book website: www.simon-de-montfort.com</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: small; line-height: 107%;">personal website: www.katherineashe.com</span></div>
Katherine Ashehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12487069502818472478noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1846199166718566214.post-49171774870001041732014-04-16T09:49:00.001-07:002014-06-30T14:37:32.500-07:00Masks: Revelers, Thieves, Headsmen and Soldiers<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Masks have been a costume detail in nearly all
cultures, initially as a tool in ancient shamanistic practices invoking the
spirits of animals or gods. In classical Greek theater masks served the purpose
of enabling a vast audience to perceive the qualities of a character from the exaggerated
features, and to hear him better through the aid of the megaphone-like shaping
of the mouth.</span>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Masks as an item of dress for ladies and gentlemen derived
from the annual pre-Lenten carnival in Venice, for they enabled a freedom that
could not be enjoyed if the identity of the wearer was known. This freedom was
so cherished that Venice’s carnival time grew to encompass half the year. The Venetian
leather mask became an art form that is practiced even now.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The long nose of certain Venetian masks, when
stuffed with medicinal wadding was thought to ward off plague. This was laughed
at by the wise of the 20<sup>th</sup> century who believed plague was spread by
vermin but the latest medical thinking is that the contamination was airborne –
so the medicinal masks may indeed have been somewhat effective.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The Venetian mask returned to the theater as an easy
means of designating the characters of the Commedia dell’ Arte, the popular
street theater that, through its standard stock of characters, lampooned events
of the day. The characters themselves came to be called masks, and a type of
play a “masque.”</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">But masks have also had a more sinister history. Some Roman gladiators wore elaborate helmets with masks. The
Headsman, doing the dirty work of the State, wore a black hood effectively
masking his features so that in his private life he need not fear retribution
by the friends of those he’d killed.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Strikingly similar to the headman’s hood are the ski
masks of today. Originally devised by Andeans to keep the face warm at cold
high altitudes, the knitted mask moved to sports attire for skiers, and from
there to the costume de rigueur for bank robbers. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">And now we see the ski mask adopted by armed men in
the Ukraine. For myself I can say that this is the most chilling use in the evolution
of the mask.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Soldiers in warfare have adopted disguises fairly
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of the enemy. A vivid example of regular soldiers in irregular costume was in
the French and Indian War (1756-63, the American branch of the Seven Years War
between England and France.) </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">For one woodland battle, young French officers stripped
naked but for a loin cloth and painted themselves with “war paint”, intending
to be mistaken for Indians as they attacked the regularly uniformed English and
colonist troops. This was astonishing at a time when ladies and gentlemen never
disrobed entirely, not even when taking a bath or begetting children. And the
pseudo-Indians quite failed to fool their American adversaries. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Today, in the Ukraine, ski masks used to conceal the
faces of men otherwise in full military garb is quite another matter. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In the
Crimea it appeared, from news reports, that these were Russian soldiers stripped
of all identification of rank and individuality. Such a practice runs so
counter to normal military rules that one wonders at the commanding officers.
But then, recalling how Russia’s leader has been known to dispatch by
clandestine means (including the poisoned tip of an umbrella) those who oppose
him, it’s small wonder that Russian officers do as they are told.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">And in eastern Ukraine? Last night I saw a BBC correspondent
interview a man in full military outfit (without the mask) who claimed to be an
ordinary citizen who had come to fight for his rights. The guns, we’re told,
came from the police station taken by these protesters.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">We are to believe that police stations in the
Ukraine are arsenals that include in their storehouses full military costume complete
with standard black ski masks. And so it may be.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Militarized citizens have been known to wear ski masks. Some of the practitioners of tribal genocide in Rwanda felt the need to hide their
faces under ski masks to avoid being recognized by the neighbors they were slaughtering.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">What does this concealment mean? We’ve seen
uprisings in recent years all over the world. Rarely have
protesting citizens sought to conceal their identity. On the contrary, proud to
be taking part in their cause, they’ve let themselves be seen and identified
even though it might (and has) cost them their lives.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The mask not only blocks identification, but, as in
Rwanda, allows the wearer to feel a freedom from responsibility that is
dangerous in the extreme. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">What we're witnessing in the Ukraine seems to be unfolding as an
elaborate and systematized deception. The masked troops who seized the Crimea
appear to have been regular Russian soldiers. But were they? By supplying protesting
Ukrainian citizens with the same costume, identification of direct action by Russian
troops is made more questionable. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Whatever the purpose, the use of masks by the
military is the worst development in the long history of masks. One fears its
use will spread, and with it the worst activities mankind can commit when freed
from identification, responsibility and inhibition.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: small; line-height: 107%;">Katherine Ashe is the author of the Montfort series, a four-volume novelized biography of Simon de Montfort, the founder of modern democracy:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: small; line-height: 107%;">http://www.amazon.com/Katherine-Ashe/e/B004OTWHNQ/ref=sr_tc_2_0?qid=1403480789&sr=1-2-ent</span><br />
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</span><br />
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<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: small; line-height: 107%;">book website: www.simon-de-montfort.com</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: small; line-height: 107%;">personal website: www.katherineashe.com</span></div>
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</span><br />
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</span><br />
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Katherine Ashehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12487069502818472478noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1846199166718566214.post-54880359175235221072014-04-09T13:44:00.001-07:002014-06-30T14:43:25.967-07:00Democracy, Capitalism, the Media and Geopolitics<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Is the basic premise of democracy workable? The
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out. And the results are coming in. Let the “marketplace” function freely and
let the people chose according to their own inclinations.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The freedom of the marketplace has given rise to a
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competition by food packagers to increase sweets and fats in the American diet
until obesity is epidemic.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Similarly, freedom of the marketplace has moved the
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lurid events, and to all but abandon distributing the sort of information that
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">But these ills, and the many other parallel
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capable of perceiving what is genuinely important and for the good from what is
merely entertaining and immediately gratifying.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">And the results have been coming in. Since the
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faced an electorate dazzled by manufactured scandals manipulated by a
sensationalistic press. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Even more significantly, in the election process truth
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significant percentage of the population. In our electorate, the mental ability
to test the plausibleness of what the media presents has been lost.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Even the desire for responsibility has been lost in
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Even the virtuous and seemingly responsible portion
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">We, whose birthright was the great experiment in
democracy, have sold our greatest hopes for a daily diet of sweets and thrilling
stories. We have lost those qualities of rational judgment and the persistent
demand for what is truly in our best interests -- qualities that the founders
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democracy possible. And it is the free market, catering to our whims with
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">But the competitive
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">I still believe that democracy and capitalism can
work, but only where an educational system sternly maintains its responsibility
to produce a wise electorate and consumer public. Our system has produced a
self-indulgent populace. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">My fear is that this condition is irreversible: that
the possibilities -- the hope of democracy and freedom that this nation made
its foundation -- will be discredited for all time.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: small; line-height: 107%;">book website: www.simon-de-montfort.com</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: small; line-height: 107%;">personal website: www.katherineashe.com</span><br />
<br />
Katherine Ashe is the author of the four volume Montfort novelized series<br />
http://www.amazon.com/Katherine-Ashe/e/B004OTWHNQ/ref=sr_tc_2_0?qid=1398361940&sr=1-2-ent</div>
Katherine Ashehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12487069502818472478noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1846199166718566214.post-37351850167678514702014-04-06T10:42:00.006-07:002014-06-30T14:41:18.794-07:00 #Mimi, #Musetta and Revisionist Women’s History<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Home from seeing the #Metropolitan
Opera’s superb revival of #La Boheme, with Mimi performed by a replacement who
had just a few hours’ notice. Christina #Opolais, who sang the Met’s equally
exhausting role of Cho Cho San in Madama Butterfly last night, gave the finest
performance of Mimi I’ve ever seen (and I’ve seen more than twenty performances
of La Boheme.) It was a “first” in the Met’s history -- a soprano play leading
rolls on two consecutive nights, the second being her Met debut in the role.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">But it’s not the magnificent
performance Opolais gave, or the feat of her performing the role on two hours
sleep -- but the theme of the opera itself that jostles deeper thought. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It’s the truthfulness of the two
female characters in the opera, when in history, film<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and novel we’ve given up truth in favor of
social engineering: the laudable, but in my view overdone, attempt to support
women’s self-image with myriad myths of heroic women who are offered to us as
the “real” forces in history.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“The helmet came off and down
tumbled her auburn curls,” so, with hilarity, a reader of historical novels
summed up for me the obsession of writers and publishers for ludicrously
fictionalizing the past. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">There were a few women warriors,
Boudica, Zenobia… but the list is very short and they came to quick, bad ends.
Well, not so bad for #Zenobia. After being paraded in chains through Rome, she
retired to Tivoli and focused her efforts on finding rich husbands for her
daughters. But the eager mother-in-law is not exactly the wonder woman profile
promoted by modern fiction.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The historical fact that seems
almost unmentionable these days is that women, from the mid-20<sup>th</sup>
century on back through cave dwelling times (Jane Auel notwithstanding) had
very few choices in life.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A woman could become a wife.
Although there were many happy marriages, her legal condition was that of being
the property of a man: her father, then her husband. If she was mistreated she
had almost no recourse. In country life she might prosper, or not, doing farm
work. In cities she was often her husband’s assistant in manufacturing or
shop-keeping. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A woman with considerable
intelligence could maneuver in such bondage, and many did, whittling out a
position of regard for themselves independent of their husbands. They could
influence a few men, but the accepted scope for their actions was domestic,
and, with the exception of a very few, and those mostly queens, their actions
were indirect in the arena of events that form history. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Do I hear an outcry from readers and
writers? Let’s face up to the fact that there were very few exceptions to the
legal, marital slavery in which most women through all time have lived.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Yes, a woman might not marry: she
could become a dependent in her family, with a position little above, or equal
to a servant. Or she could work – like Mimi in the opera. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mimi stiches embroideries of
flowers. La Boheme is set in 1848, and is a composite of people actually known
by the novelist Henri #Murger and written about in his book and play, Scenes de
la Vie Boheme. At the time Murger describes, fabric for dresses was cut in
workshops. Women skilled in needlework would take bales of the cut fabric and
patterns of floral decoration, and would work at home painstakingly forming
flowers, foliage and scroll work stitch by stitch through hours and days of
eye-straining hand work. Such labor gave them a very small but independent
income. Orphans and girls from poor families found such work in cities. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In city and country, a very large
part of the population of women worked “in service,” but there a recommendation
was required and jobs were allotted to those who already had some connection to
the employer. Work “in service” was nearly a “closed shop” as in modern times
is said of some unionized jobs. But a girl with skills could still support
herself, as the model for Mimi no doubt did, merely by displaying a sample of
her craftsmanship.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What did unmarried women without
family to keep them do if they did not have such skills or connections? If they
weren’t pretty they might be reduced to begging, or theft and a long life in
prison or a short one on the gibbet.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">But if they were pretty, like
Musetta, they had the one chance at true freedom that women knew.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(Here we embark on a topic that's
become oddly taboo, though it was not so in the 19th century.) </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Musetta lives by seducing rich men.
She does not wed and encumber herself with the restrictions of marriage.
Instead she uses men, suggestively flaunting what she refers to as her “hidden
charms” and bilking old men who are happy to pay just to be seen with her. She
may or may not let them enjoy any more than the pleasure of her fully dressed
companionship – the choice is hers. And she can take a poor lover if she’s
attracted to him.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The life of the courtesan obviously
had great appeal for women capable of managing it. It was a lifestyle practiced
by any able and willing woman from penniless orphan to minor nobility. The 17<sup>th</sup>
century’s Ninon de l’Enclos was deliberately brought up by her military father
to be a free spirit; she learned very young how to persuade men to support her
without becoming anyone’s slave, sexual or otherwise. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">grand horizontals</i> of 19<sup>th</sup> century Paris and #majas of 18<sup>th</sup>
century Madrid were idealized social models and dictators of fashion for ladies
who lived perfectly circumspect lives. #Aspasia, the leading whore of Athens,
was friend and intellectual partner of the great Pericles.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">But the life of the courtesan,
especially in 19<sup>th</sup> century Europe when it reached its social apogee
-- probably in numbers of population as well as fashionableness -- was
perilous. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Records indicate that thirty-five to
forty percent of deaths among the “working class” in Europe <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>was due to “consumption”, that is
tuberculosis. And courtesans were no exception. In fact the consumptive lady of
“easy virtue” had a peculiar advantage in the aesthetics of the time. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">That deadly pallor and emaciation
were seen as romantic, the meeting of Eros and Thanatos. And there was a belief
current that consumption made the sufferer especially lubricious. This was
before the nature of infectious diseases was understood.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Delicate, dying ladies were an excellent
means for passing on their diseases to their lovers, and thence to their
lovers’ wives.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Even more contagious was syphilis,
which infected some forty percent of the population of Europe in the 19<sup>th</sup>
century, so I’m told, and undoubtedly it was pandemic among street walkers and
courtesans. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">So freedom, for women in previous
centuries, claimed a very high price.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The bold heroines that fill our
pages and our screens are fictions, or at most exaggerations of the roles
available to women. They minimize in the understanding of the young just what
an enormous, and very recent achievement, are the freedoms they take for
granted – to make a living, to marry if and when they please, to claim legal
protection equal to men, to negotiate in business, and to own businesses and
properties in their own names.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In the churning of the women’s
mythology mills we lose sight of the truly new world that has opened for women
just in recent decades The real heroines to be lauded are not the women of
centuries long past, but those of the late 20<sup>th</sup> century: #Betty
Friedan, #Simone de Beauvoir, #Gloria Steinem, to name just three who were
among the most visible at the time.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The real heroines to be lauded are
still alive, or have died recently. Where are the biographies, the films, the
novels about these actual heroines?</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: small; line-height: 107%;">book website: www.simon-de-montfort.com</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: small; line-height: 107%;">personal website: www.katherineashe.com</span><br />
<br />
Katherine Ashe is the author of the four volume Montfort novelized series<br />
http://www.amazon.com/Katherine-Ashe/e/B004OTWHNQ/ref=sr_tc_2_0?qid=1398361940&sr=1-2-ent</div>
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Katherine Ashehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12487069502818472478noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1846199166718566214.post-30317133450707610482014-03-30T14:54:00.002-07:002014-03-30T15:08:42.456-07:00Gas and Geopolitics<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In the beginning, which was about the year 2007, a rural
community in the northeast corner of Wayne County, PA discovered it was in the “sweet
spot” of the “Marcellus Shale Gas Play.” That is, there was lots of natural gas
some 7,000 feet underground, and many drilling companies were offering to lease
the land to put down wells.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Land agents, fluttering sheaves of papers, urged
land owners to sign up fast lest the valuable gas be pumped out from under them
from their neighbors’ lands.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Most people didn’t sign. Instead, the woman who
headed the county farm bureau’s information department began offering speakers –
the top authorities in their fields of geology, environmental protection,
drilling technologies and contract law regarding drilling leases. She charged
five dollars per person for attending these talks and the gymnasium in which
they were held was jammed with local land owners.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">But there were hold-outs. While much of the county
is large farms, the eastern-most sector, the township of Damascus, is
subdivided into small lots for the vacation homes of New Yorkers and New
Jerseyites. City dwellers with jobs that kept them away from the region for all
but a few weekends and summer vacations.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">These city folk who, having small
lands, paid minimal taxes, were fearful their splendid views of rolling farm
lands (which pay crushingly high taxes) would be spoiled. They did not attend
the meetings, did not inform themselves, but organized a resistance group to
drilling: The Damascus Citizens for Sustainability.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Among them was Josh Fox, an aspiring playwright who
made a documentary film of numerous spots in the United States where oil or gas
drilling had caused problems. His aim was not to inform, but to oppose, and to
use the popularity of environmental issues to raise his own career.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In a world-wide
culture of free floating fear that is perpetually looking for a cause, his
film, Gas Land, became a call to action, a popular cause with broader appeal
even than gay rights and women’s equality. And the handy word “fracking”, which
signifies a process used safely in the gas drilling industry for over 40 years,
became an obscenity.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Now opposition to gas drilling has become an
international movement. People fear their drinking water will be polluted, or
used up by some unimaginably vast consumption and tainting of water resources. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In fact a gas drilling operation uses tractor
trailers to haul water to the site, and uses 5 million gallons at most. And
that’s recycled rather than discarded. While that sounds like a lot when you
think of the space a gallon of milk takes up in the fridge, that much water
would lower Wayne County’s Belmont Lake (at 172 acres, one of over 50 lakes in
the region) by 1.1 inches.*</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">But decent, thoughtful citizens, not only in Wayne
County but all over the world, have come to fear and strenuously oppose gas
drilling.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Who benefits from this movement? Well of course Josh
Fox has done very well. So have oil companies in the U.S. and Saudi Arabia,
because cars could be retro-fitted to use the much cheaper liquefied natural
gas instead of oil.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Few buildings are heated with natural gas – the heating
oil and propane used could all be replaced, so a change to natural or liquefied
natural gas would be bad for the oil companies too. And the gas drilling
companies, for the most part, are not the same companies as the big oil
companies.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Electricity generating plants could use gas and
cease using coal and nuclear reactors. The New Yorkers who fear the well at
their summer cottage might be polluted would better turn their attention to the
Indian Point nuclear power plant just up wind and up river of New York City: a
plant far more out-of-date and with less security than Fukushima.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">But a larger issue has developed recently.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Russia threatens to withhold or raise the price of
it gas exports to the numerous countries in Europe that are dependent upon
Russia’s Gazprom. While Putin agrees that people in the West should fear “fracking”
– it will make black stuff come out of their water faucets – he’s able to
manipulate dependence upon Russia’s export to blackmail Europe into restraint
regarding the Ukraine – or whatever other issue he chooses. (Apparently he
doesn’t fear any black stuff coming out of Russians’ faucets.)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Obama has countered with an offer to supply Europe
with exported American liquefied natural gas. Such a move could reduce Russia’s
export earnings by 30%. We’re seeing The Showdown at the Okay Gas-well. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">What is the truth about fear regarding water?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Water pollution from gas drilling, in so far as it poses
any problem, would only affect rural home owners’ wells immediately local to
the drilling site – either through a leak from the well into the aquifer or
from a surface spill.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Both issues are addressed by reasonably safe
drilling practices: casing the drilling bore with concrete to a level below the
aquifer (in Wayne County PA the aquifer is no deeper than 1,500 feet maximum,
the gas target area is 7,000 feet down), and by careful maintenance on the
surface to avoid spillages. Pennsylvania and many other states have stringent
laws regarding pollution by well drilling operations, including, in PA, closing
down all a company’s operations in the state if there is one incident until the
problem is repaired.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Property owners’ leases can determine much of
drilling practices, especially when property owners gather in associations to
defend their rights and contracts and the undefiled quality of their land – as has
happened with the Northern Wayne Property Owners Alliance (with a drilling
lease that is used as a model by the World Bank and Harvard Business School.)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It’s strikingly ironic that the anti-drilling
movement began simultaneously with the landowners’ own pro-drilling and environmental
preservation movement in an obscure corner of Pennsylvania. But the panic story
promoted by the anti-drilling group has entranced the media, and the landowners’
program of safe drilling has been almost unheard beyond the drilling industry
itself.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Most private foundations have long ceased to be
eccentric disbursals of wealth by individuals, and have become the work largely
of hired professionals guided by other professionals who set forth a list of
causes considered important, which of course they are: world peace, kids at
risk, the environment… </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">So the anti-drilling movement found ready support in the
world of private foundations. Writers and professors could get a grant for “proving”
the harmfulness of gas drilling. Already existing environment preserving
organizations had a new topic for their fund raising. Actors, who are urged by
their agents to have a public image supporting a worthy cause, saw an easy opportunity
for visibility as defenders of the earth.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">But the fact remains that natural gas, neither in
its production nor its use, is as polluting as most of our other sources of
energy. A switch from oil to natural gas would reduce our carbon emissions and
the ever increasing greenhouse effect and global warming.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Would gas drilling discourage the use of solar and
wind energy?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">China can deploy forests of wind mills – but in the
U.S. there is opposition to windmills for the sake of <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>birds, and often even the best sites have no wind.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The U.S. has deserts where solar panels could be
useful almost every day – but there are those who oppose solar panels for the
sake of desert wild life. And the highest use of electricity is not in the
deserts, but in regions that don’t have enough reliable sunshine for their
energy needs to be met by solar panels.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It will be interesting to see what the emergence of
geopolitics into the gas drilling issue will do.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">*</span><b><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">In the cradle of the anti-drilling movement<b>: </b>Here
are some notes pertaining to the northeast corner of Pennsylvania, gas drilling
and its water use. While concern over water use would be appropriate in the American
southwest, here the irrationality of the gas drilling opposition movement is
particularly evident.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">Delaware River</span></u></b><b><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">(which forms the eastern boundary of Wayne Co. PA) <b>Specs
from the National Park Service</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">http://www.nps.gov/upde/planyourvisit/planningrivertrip.htm</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none;">
<u><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">Average Water Level </span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">Depth: 2 1/2 - 4 feet</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">Flow: 790 - 2,530 cubic feet/second</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">River current: 2 m.p.h.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">Pick an average spot in the river, and the flow would
be:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">790 + 2,530 = 3,320/2 = 1,660 cubic feet per second</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">60 x 60 = 3,600 and 3,600 x 1,660 cf/sec = 5,976,000
cf/hour</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">5,976,000 x 7.48 gallons = 44,700,480 gallons per hour</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">It's safe to say that at an average spot on an average
day along the Delaware River, nearly 45-million gallons of water flow by in an
hour.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">________________________________________________________________ If
someone drew 1-million gallons of water from a 100-acre pond, it would lower
the water level of that pond by less than 3/8ths of an inch. If someone drew
6-million gallons from the pond, the drop would be about 2-1/4 inches.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">____________________________________________________________</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">If one-half inch of rain falls on 100 acres, that's
more than 1.3-million gallons (1,348,397 gallons, actually).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">According to the National Weather Service, the average
yearly precipitation (rain, snow, etc.) at the Binghamton, NY Airport(nearest
report to Wayne County, PA)is 40.76 inches, so it wouldn't be unreasonable to
assume that a 100-acre parcel gets 40 inches of precipitation annually, that's
nearly 108-million gallons (107,871,773 gallons)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">____________________________________________________________</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
Katherine Ashehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12487069502818472478noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1846199166718566214.post-17567287315636080602014-03-23T21:02:00.003-07:002014-06-30T14:40:41.260-07:00Hero or Process? The Making of Historical Turning Points<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It’s been the fashion among historians of the late
20<sup>th</sup> and 21<sup>st</sup> centuries to see the momentous events of history
as the product of social evolution. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Modern historians like to deny that there are such
things as heroes – despite such obvious anomalies as Alexander the Great. I
doubt anyone can reasonably claim that the conquest of a region from Egypt to India
was the natural evolution of the social history of Macedonia.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Yet there is validity in the view that most turning
points in history gather in a long process, an evolution formed by the actions
of many individuals or a shift among a people as a whole. But the denial of
heroism, of the importance of individual leaders, suggests an over-reaction to
the Victorian obsession with the grandeur of heroic acts.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The truth, in most instances, is a combination of both
a receptive state of mind among a people and a bold (or rash) person who turns
a growing disposition into action.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Major events, from social reforms to revolutions, can
happen only when reality final catches up with the mood of the time. Usually
when an idea growing in the hearts of a people makes the wracking process of
change possible -- and some individual is frustrated or angry enough to very
visibly transfer thought into action.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The list of heroes who ignited a movement that
changed their country’s history is immense. But let’s look at three examples.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In 1980 Poland’s revolt against Russian dominance
became active only at Lech Walesa’s rousing of his fellow workers in the
shipyards of Gdanzsk. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In the spring of 1775 George Washington attended the
convening of colonial Virginia’s House of Burgesses dressed in his uniform from
the French and Indian War and announced he would raise an army at his own
expense to protest England’s oppressions of her colonies. That rash offer made
the raising of the Americans’ Continental Army a possibility, and that army,
under Washington’s leadership, eventually won the colonies’ freedom. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In 1955 Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a
bus to a white man in Montgomery, Alabama. Her arrest provided the Reverend Martin
Luther King with occasion to call a boycott of buses – and the American Civil
Rights movement was started.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">While the spirit of revolt was not of Rosa Park’s or
Martin Luther King’s creating, nor of Lech Walesa’s, nor George Washington’s, those
movements that achieved change probably would not have acquired focus without
their actions.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In recent years we’ve seen movements without
apparent leaders. The advent of social media such as Twitter may be the means
for mass coordinated action without requiring a leader. So we may be seeing the
end of the age of the hero. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Indeed, with the leaders of nations taking on
exceedingly generous interpretations of their offices, we may be approaching a
time when the highly visible leader is identified with oppression – with willful
actions counter to the desires of the people.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">There have always been anti-heroes: the man of power
who wields his capabilities according to his own desires and notions. And perhaps
the fashion in the scholarly world to deny heroes as the cause of great
changes, while not really accurate, is wholesome. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mankind has been experimenting with the problem of
government ever since our evolution from herd animals. The experiment goes on. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Katherine Ashe is the author of the Montfort series</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">http://www.amazon.com/Katherine-Ashe/e/B004OTWHNQ/ref=sr_tc_2_0?qid=1395680995&sr=1-2-ent </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: small; line-height: 107%;">book website: www.simon-de-montfort.com</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: small; line-height: 107%;">personal website: www.katherineashe.com</span><br />
<br />
Katherine Ashe is the author of the four volume Montfort novelized series<br />
http://www.amazon.com/Katherine-Ashe/e/B004OTWHNQ/ref=sr_tc_2_0?qid=1398361940&sr=1-2-ent<br />
</div>
Katherine Ashehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12487069502818472478noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1846199166718566214.post-23321761928993425342014-03-17T13:20:00.003-07:002014-06-30T14:46:02.965-07:00Part II: The Provisions of Oxford: Parliament and Modern Democracy<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">On June 11, 1258 the university town of Oxford was
filled with armed men. The barons, convening with the high clergy of England to
arbitrate their grievances with King Henry III, had brought their knights with
them. King Henry was permitting the lord to raise their knight for war against
the Welsh. The date for commencement of the war was so close to that of the
Oxford meeting that Henry unwittingly had raised the army of England not only
to be ready for war in Wales -- but to be available to enforce the outcome of
the rebellious meeting.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">King Henry excused himself from attending. Oxford already
had a reputation for being a risky place for kings. To preserve the chastity of
the Oxford abbess Friswitha, God had broken the neck of the Mercian King
Athelbald. So superstitious monarchs never set foot in Oxford. Henry stayed
away from Oxford perhaps from mystical dread, more likely from good sense.
Behind the safe and not too distant walls of Windsor castle he awaited news of
the meeting.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Of course there were representatives of the king:
half the members of the Oxford committee of arbitration were of Henry’s
choosing: his own half-brothers of Lusignan, William and Guy, notorious bullies
and flouters of the law but dearly loved by Henry; the Queen’s uncles Peter of
Savoy whom Henry had elevated to Earl of Richmond and was noted for graft, and
young Boniface whom Henry had forced upon the monks of Canterbury as their Archbishop
despite his ignorance of Latin and the liturgy; Henry of Alemaine the King’s
nephew, the most decent member of the royal family; the Bishop of London and
the Abbot of Westminster, both deeply beholding to Henry for the building of
Westminster Abbey church – that magnificent structure where kings and queens
are crowned but which drained off the money Henry should have used for England’s
greater needs; the earls of Warwick and Surrey who were notably biddable; and
three royal clerks in Henry’s employ. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">On the lords’ side were the members of the League
that had been formed to resist Henry’s abominated taxes: the leader of the League
Richard de Clare Earl of Gloucester; Roger Bigod Earl of Norfolk and Marshal of
England; Hugh Bigod, his brother; Simon de Montfort Earl of Leicester, the King’s
brother-in-law and military strategist; John Fitzgeoffrey, England’s Justiciar
in Ireland: and several new but hearty partisans: Humphrey de Bohun Earl of
Hereford, four knights and the Bishop of Worcester.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">That a committee comprised of these two sets of people
could have come to any consensus is astonishing. The King’s relatives and the
lords of the League hated each other and had been enemies for decades. Yet this
committee of arbitration, the general meeting of all the lords and clergy and
the many committees they spawned created a constitution that established
elective government by the common people. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">This was five hundred years before
the Enlightenment and the American and French revolutions would place such an
idea in a setting of acceptable philosophy.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">How did it happen? By chance, it would seem.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The committee of arbitration got off to a predictably
difficult start. At first the King’s side predominated with the choosing of one
of Henry’s clerks to continue in his position of Chancellor, keeper of the
royal seals that make commands official.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It was the general meeting that apparently opened
the way to change. The assembled lords and clergy were asked what was most
troublesome in Henry’s government. Instead of citing outrageous taxes – the issue
that caused the meeting – the chief complaint concerned the royal sheriffs. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sheriffs had the duty of summoning courts to hear
cases of law. The local lord or abbot was required to preside – and if he
failed he was fined, with the money going to the sheriff. Most lords and abbots
held numerous fiefs scattered over several shires. The sheriffs had found a
handy source of profit in summoning courts so frequently that it was impossible
for the lord or abbot to attend. The result was not only wealth to the
sheriffs, but the failure of the courts to meet, and cases going unresolved.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The Oxford meeting recommended to King Henry that
the sheriffs be replaced, and drew up a list of suggested candidates.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">With the law courts failing to meet, judgments weren’t
given and fines, which went to the King, weren’t collected. Here was a fund-raising
means that everybody liked. Henry’s half-brothers and Peter of Savoy rushed
this happy petition to Windsor and remained there for a day or so as Henry
reviewed the list, sent orders for the recall of all the royal sheriffs and
their replacement by the candidates on the list.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">This welcome result from Oxford’s general meeting
was quickly followed by another. At times of emergency such as war or famine, the
royal bailiffs were empowered to seize goods remaining unsold in market stalls at
the end of the day. But the bailiffs were making a regular practice of seizing
all left over goods. Their families set up sales booths of their own to sell
the goods at discount – stifling legitimate sales and keeping the 100% profits
to themselves.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Henry gleefully replaced his royal bailiffs with
those proposed by the meeting’s list.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Soon all the royal sheriffs in England were replaced
with men who owed their new positions to the Oxford meeting and its partisans.
And the new royal bailiffs too now were beholding to Oxford.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">But much more was to result from the King’s members
of the committee of arbitration going off with their good news to Windsor. In
their absence the lords’ faction predominated. New committees were elected in
which the King’s friends notably were not included: a Committee for the King’s
Aid to deal with the taxes; a committee for England’s defense, and a Council to
be with the King always to advise and oversee his actions.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">And a development in the general meeting was truly revolutionary.
It arose, innocently enough, out of the issue of the honesty of sheriffs. How could
it be guaranteed that the new sheriffs wouldn’t be tempted to corruptions just
like the old ones?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">There already existed a system for choosing four knights
from each shire to escort taxes to London. It was decided to these men chosen
by election by the common free men of the shire; to empower them to do an audit
of the sheriffs and report their findings to the King and Court at a set place
and date three times a year; and also to report whatever problems had arisen in
the shire.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">This seemed not a revolutionary step but a practical
one, providing a serviceable link between the monarch and the people for the
prompt communication of problems. But it dovetailed with the sixty-first clause
of Magna Carta which said that the King must redress any wrongs reported by
four knights to a committee of the lords who had won the great charter. If the
king failed, the lords were within their rights in raising all of England in
arms against him.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The clause, signed by King John at Runnymede, had
brought him unending civil war. But forty three years had elapsed since Runnymede.
The lords specified had died off and clause 61 had been removed from further issues
of the Charter.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">But the League, with a copy of the original Magna Carta
of 1215 in hand, had reminded King Henry and the lords of this clause. Now,
with an excellent mechanism in place for reporting wrongs, the question was how
to force the King to give redress?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In the absence of Henry’s supporters, a committee of
lords and clergy was designed specifically to meet with the knights arriving
from the shires at their appointed times. Thus the modern Parliament was
fashioned with its two Houses: Lords, and representatives elected by the Commons.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">With Magna Carta’s clause 61 to back it up, the King
was required to hear the complaints of his people and to redress those complaints
as Parliament and his Counsel (chosen by the lords) advised.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kings had summoned meetings to consult with their
vassals from time immemorial. In England such meetings had occasionally even
been called “parliaments.” But the Parliament fashioned at Oxford and described
in the document titled The Provisions of Oxford was utterly different. It met
at a regularly appointed time and place; it included a body of representatives
chosen by the common people – and, most importantly, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">this Parliament was not merely an advisor. It had power to compel the King
to do as it required</i>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The Parliament created by the Provisions of Oxford
was the first true modern democracy.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Katherine Ashe is the author of the<u> Montfort</u> series, including <u>Montfort the Revolutionary 1253 to 1260</u></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">http://www.amazon.com/Montfort-The-Revolutionary-1253-1260/dp/145284447X/ref=sr_1_14?ie=UTF8&qid=1395087698&sr=8-14&keywords=katherine+Ashe </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: small; line-height: 107%;">book website: www.simon-de-montfort.com</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: small; line-height: 107%;">personal website: www.katherineashe.com</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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Katherine Ashehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12487069502818472478noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1846199166718566214.post-83332327730588226792014-03-09T13:49:00.000-07:002014-06-30T14:47:05.942-07:00Montfort, Parliament and Democracy: Part I: The League against the King<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In the year 1258 King Henry III of England confessed
to his lords and high clergy that he had pledged the Sovereignty of England as
insurance for a debt – and he couldn’t pay. Pope Alexander IV had offered Henry
the Crown of Sicily for his son Edmund if Henry would merely pay the expenses
of a mercenary army to displace the heirs of Sicily, the sons of the Emperor
Frederic II. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The lords of England had expected they were being
summoned to war against the Welsh who were marauding in the western shires in an
attempt to take back what they considered their own. By custom and the dictates
of the Magna Carta the king could require either military service or an extra
tax. But not both at the same time. The lords, assembled in Henry’s royal hall
at Westminster, flatly refused to pay.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The consequences could be dire. Pope Alexander could
excommunicate Henry – but a previous Pope had excommunicated the Emperor
Frederic who merely put on his crown and asked his courtiers if he looked at
all changed. More effectively, the Pope could offer the Crown of England to
anyone who would finance the necessary war to take it – just as he was doing
with the Crown of Sicily, and England was a prize far more worthwhile.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Still the lords and clergy refused to come up with
the money. Henry postponed the next convening and used the intervening time to
threaten the lord individually in ways he knew each to be most vulnerable.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Happening to meet after their extortion sessions with
Henry, six lords pledged themselves to an alliance, a League to resist the king.
Comparing the abuses inflicted upon them, they swore to defend each other -- within
the bounds of their oath of loyalty to the Crown.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">These six men were the young rather hot headed
Richard de Clare the Earl of Gloucester, Roger Bigod the Marshall of England,
John Fitzgeoffrey the Justiciar of Ireland for the Crown, Peter of Savoy the
Earl of Richmond and the queen’s uncle, Simon de Montfort the Earl of Leicester
and the king’s brother-in-law and
principal military strategist (who was frequently in the king’s ill graces) and
Peter de Montfort a knight and Montfort’s cousin.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Peter of Savoy may well be looked upon as the spy in
the group for King Henry almost at once knew of the pledge. The danger of their
position was immediately apparent to the members of the League. There was just
enough time before the general reconvening with the king for them to go to
their home shires and return with their knights in arms for
self-protection.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was a move that was
of course illegal and easily interpreted as treason.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">But when the lords of the League returned to London,
hedged round with their knights in full arms, they found that the common people
of London were very much on their side. King Henry and his servitors had abused
his subjects, common and noble alike, and commoners and lords alike looked upon
the League as their defenders. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Being aware of the power of public opinion, the
League earls deliberately paraded with their knights through the streets of
London, accepting cheers as heroes. From King Henry’s point of view this was
the leading edge of civil war.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Nevertheless, his meeting with the lords and clergy
was convened on the appointed day. The assembly gathered, but the lords of the
League were nowhere to be seen. Had they been arrested? The business of the
meeting commenced in grim quiet.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Then the clattering of hooves and jangle of armor
was heard outside and everyone looked to the hall’s door. The lords of the League
entered. To be certain they had everyone’s attention they dropped their helmets
with a resounding crash upon the floor before they walked forward.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The royal bailiffs were surely outnumbered and
out-armed. King Henry on his throne upon the dais asked, “What is this? Am I
your prisoner?” But the men of the League knelt at his feet. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">“No my
lord,” said the Marshall Roger Bigod, “This is our pledge – swear to follow
your English subjects’ counsels. It is the best remedy for your troubles you
can have!”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">“How will you see to it I follow your counsels?”
Henry responded.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Seeing a clerk holding a Bible nearby, Richard de
Clare took the Bible and held it to his king. “Swear, with your hand on Holy
Gospel, that you and your heir Edward will uphold the provisions of the Magna
Carta! And that you will cause a Council to be chosen, all of good English
subjects <u>elected by the barony</u>! And that you will do nothing without
their advice!”</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">And Roger Bigod added, “Swear you’ll cease finding
ways to crush your people with your monstrous taxes!”</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">With his hand on the Bible, Henry further was made
to agree to the appointing of a committee of arbitration, half chosen by him
and half by the lords of England, to arbitrate grievances. A meeting was to
convene for arbitration and the election of the council within forty days. The
chosen day was June 11. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">This astonishing coercion of King Henry III was
confirmed by the lords confronting him with the original Magna Carta of 1215 -- which
included a clause that had been deleted from later reissues. The primary Magna Carta stated
that<u> </u><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">all England can be raised in
arms against the king, to hold his castles and lands from him until grievances
are satisfied</i>. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This clause 61, sworn to by Henry’s father King John, had committed England to
civil war until John died.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The reading of the clause turned Henry’s meeting
into chaos. The king agreed to the convening of the lords and clergy at Oxford on
June 11, and all were dismissed with this victory for the League.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Henry was sworn to permit the lords and clergy to meet
in his absence -- with effective permission to raise their forces for battle
against the Welsh, if they produced the tax he needed to pay the Pope. In fact
he had agreed to allow a fully armed and revolutionary convention at Oxford to meet
on June 11, 1258. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(This and future blog entries, tracing the establishment
of England’s Parliament as an elected body with power over the king, describe
history as recorded in the documents of the period and are not matter of fiction. Part II will be on The Provisions of Oxford.)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Katherine Ashe is the author of Montfort The Angel
with the Sword, which explores in novel form how these events may have come
about in view of what records tell us of the personalities of the men and women involved. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">http://www.amazon.com/Montfort-Angel-Sword-1260-1265/dp/1452844232/ref=la_B004OTWHNQ_1_4?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1394395419&sr=1-4</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: small; line-height: 107%;">book website: www.simon-de-montfort.com</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: small; line-height: 107%;">personal website: www.katherineashe.com</span></div>
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Katherine Ashehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12487069502818472478noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1846199166718566214.post-36830269557053670792014-03-03T13:05:00.001-08:002014-06-30T14:15:12.891-07:00#Russia, the #Ukraine and Prince #Vladimir<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It is eerily fitting that the Metropolitan Opera
Hi-Definition broadcast this week was of “Prince Igor,” the tale of a
historical Russian prince who went into battle with the Turks (in Igor’s time
it was the Polovtsi, or Cuman) – and lost. Russia, with its capital at Kiev, was then what is now the Ukraine.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">How Igor was honored and treated as a friend by his
Turkish Khan captor, how he refused alliance and insisted that, if freed, he
would lead his troops against the Khan again, and love that grew between his
son, Prince Vladimir, and the Khan’s daughter Konchakovna, are the stuff of romantic
storytelling – or are they?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Later in that age-old warfare, the Crimean Tartars,
descendants of the hordes of Genghis Khan, converted to Islam and, as the
allies of the Grand Turk and the Ottoman Empire, continued the assaults upon
Russia, slaughtering and sacking their way as far as Moscow repeatedly.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Vanquishing so persistent an enemy from the south
and east has been the foremost policy of Russia through her long history. Not
only was this to defend her borders and to possess Crimea’s warm climate and
excellent Mediterranean ports – it was a holy war in defense of Christianity.
And, as later with her wars against Napoleon and the Nazis, the West let Russia
bear a very large part of the burden of containing the aggressions of a shared
enemy. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Moved by the gallant revolutions we’ve witnessed in
recent months and years -- effective mass demonstrations wrought by the people
themselves at risk of martyrdom, and suffering<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>martyrs – it has seemed a New Age is upon us. A time when People really
can change their governments by opposing the might of police and military with
insistence, with bravery and the very modest means of combat available to any
city dweller. Why may the Ukraine revolution be different, especially as far as
the Crimean peninsula is concerned?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">To return to the Met’s production of “Prince Igor”
and some insights it may offer. First, the modern sets.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Igor’s castle’s
interior is a stark confined space: his world is rigid in its proprieties and
its belief s – much as the old Communist regime was rigid and confining. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Taken
prisoner, forcibly moved into the world of his enemy’s camp, Igor finds himself
in a vertiginous place without boundaries – portrayed in the opera’s second set
as an endless field of red poppies the border of which follows the curve of the
earth. (Some may point out the red poppy is the symbol of ideal communism – but
in this opera it is unmistakably the region of the conquering Khan.) </span>Symbolically, these sets seem an apt metaphor for
Russia’s recent transformation. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In the opera it’s Igor’s son, Vladimir, who adapts to the
boundlessness before him, embracing Konchakovna and all that had seemed
barbaric to Igor’s way of thinking. Vladimir is akin to the oligarchs who’ve
been able to make the most of the free-wheeling capitalism that was so deplored
in the ideology of their country’s past.</div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: red;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Were we to follow Vladimir further -- his accepting
Konchakovna’s invitation to become an unrestricted wanderer, a nomad who seizes
what he wants -- Igor’s son, like the present day oligarchs, could embrace a
frightening freedom, a license to do what he may to extend his powers. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">He is a
man between worlds, sprung from the confines of his previous life without
committing himself to the new limits of ethics and custom that operate among
the enemy he has joined. He is a terrifyingly free man with only his own
interests to guide him.</span> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Until he can be curbed by a prince who is more a
master of this new freedom than he is.</div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Being a researcher in history, I’ve often found
remarkable shape in how events progress -- a form that cannot be (or at least seems not to be) the
intentional work of human actions:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">There is today’s Vladimir: Putin exploring the power
and unlimited freedoms that Prince Vladimir Igorevich would have seen spreading
before him.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">There is the massing of troops, the rapid forming of
alliances among the major nations, and invasion – as if we were compelled to
relive the onset of World War One on this centennial year.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">And this occurring virtually on the instant of the
end of the Olympic Games that were originally intended to represent peace among
nations.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">There is Putin’s sacrifice of his enormous
investment in public opinion in having the Games in Sochi… only to follow them
at once with a staggering reversal of any good publicity gained. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The ironies here, the dark laughter of history, is
unmistakable.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Yet, for Russia, the holding of the Ukraine and Crimea, and
filling the prized Crimea with ardent Russians to assure loyalty, has a history going
back to the Middle Ages. And the long-term memory of a people is relentless.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Can Russia let the Ukraine go, and the Ukraine let
the Crimea go? Our avoiding World War III may depend upon it.</span><br />
<br />
</div>
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</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />Katherine Ashehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12487069502818472478noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1846199166718566214.post-26589500178147910292014-02-23T14:48:00.003-08:002014-06-30T14:47:55.590-07:00Feminism in novelsRecuperating over these last several months I've done a lot of reading and very little writing. Wanting to get a fresh view of the novel form, particularly how it's evolved, I began with Richardson's<u> Pamela</u>, that astonishing epistolary novel of the mid-18th century in which a very beautiful (as we are told over and over again) 15 year old housemaid fends of her master's efforts at seduction and rape. The novel oozes sugar and piety but, if you can bear with it, compared to the picaresque novel and its other predecessors, it's a stunning piece of work. And the advice given is insightful and could help any female in distress. It was the most popular book of its time.<br />
<br />
What Richardson set in motion, most strikingly, is the form of writing that deals not with adventure, but with how people ought to behave, especially women. The refined social environment that Jane Austen so magnificently explores has its grass-roots in <u>Pamela</u>.<br />
<br />
My next reading of course had to be Fielding's <u>Tom Jones</u>, which deliberately was written the following year as a take-off of Richardson's wildly successful work. Hence we get all the gushings about Tom's beauty. And though he goes from one reckless activity to another, comitting murder, being a kept man, etc. etc.,we are always assured of his fundamental virtue. <br />
<br />
I'll skip over my readings after Jones to the late 19th century -- because Austen, the Brontes, etc. hardly need discussing -- to Edith Wharton's work the subtlety of which might be considered the magnificent fruit of the Pamela bud.<br />
<br />
I recommend above all Wharton's <u>The House of Mirth</u> in which the career of an impeccable young woman comes to ruin through the most subtle leverages of social disapproval motivated by unfounded suspicions.<br />
<br />
It is Wharton's particular genius to keep such tension on the minute turnings of the screw of public opinion that it's difficult to set the book aside, while the objective part of the reader's mind is blessing women's demands for a free life that have brought an end to that very mirthless world. Wharton is rightly seen as a great champion of women's liberation.<br />
<br />
Those who've found the better known <u>The Age of Innocence</u>, in book or film, fascinating, will find <u>The House of Mirth </u>even more so.<br />
<br />
Sex is a matter of avoidance for women from the works of Richardson through those of Wharton, excepting of course married sex which then appears as a catalog of births. But even in Austen's books, where it's shrouded in layers of polite or impolite repartee, it is the central motivating principal -- unlike the picaresque novel in which it may figure only in an incident here and there.<br />
<br />
Here is <u>Pamela</u>'s trace in the evolution of the novel --not merely how to behave, but how to behave vis a vis sex.<br />
<br />
Isn't it a measure of the freedom women have won that so many books now published deal with the open expression of women's sexual desire and the means found to fulfill it? The evolution is completed with Pamela ceasing to be the endangered maiden to being at least the happy participant in even the most arcane of sexual practices, and often is the aggressor and contriver of seduction. We've come full circle: Pamela has metamorphosed into Tom -- and gone a few leagues further.<br />
<br />
http://www.amazon.com/Katherine-Ashe/e/B004OTWHNQ/ref=sr_tc_2_0?qid=1393294118&sr=1-2-ent<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: small; line-height: 107%;">book website: www.simon-de-montfort.com</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: small; line-height: 107%;">personal website: www.katherineashe.com</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />Katherine Ashehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12487069502818472478noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1846199166718566214.post-76352178042619156722013-11-03T16:46:00.002-08:002013-11-03T17:51:50.427-08:00The Snowden Leaks and the Inevitable Death of On-Line Privacy<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Governments are outraged. The press is in an uproar.
Some of us, the people out there tapping at our computers and thus adding to
the heaps of material being stored by governmental security agencies, foresee a
future mirroring the past in which the Nazis and Stalinists used surveillance
of ordinary citizens to incarcerate millions. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">It’s not impossible that the
future may hold some such horror, made far worse by ever-advancing technology. But
most of us, I suspect, may feel little troubled personally as yet if the
government not only knows our every connection but reads every word of our
innocent meanderings on line. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The problem, however, is here and now, and for any
one of us who happens, however innocently, to offend a capable hacker or
someone who has even the most tenuous or unknown link to one. Spyware and
password-cracking programs have become available to the computer-savvy for
their own personal use. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">What is spyware? It can enable a hacker to have his
computer screen mirror yours, and allow him to use his computer as if he were
you: know your every web and email connection; pose as you on line saying
whatever he pleases and have it appear to come from you. What he writes will
appear to come from your computer. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">How could such spyware be installed in your
computer? Piggybacked onto your most trusted download.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">I speak from experience. Last spring I noticed that
none of the passwords for web sites I frequently visit were working. I thought it
must be due to some technical problem with my computer, and I changed all the
passwords to ones that rated “strong” with no thought of fending off a hacker
but simply because that seemed to be what the sites wanted.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">My Facebook page had been involved, but I thought
nothing of it until a few days later I tried to log on and my strong new
password wouldn’t work. I went through the procedure to change it again and got
the message that I had just changed it three hours earlier. Three hours earlier
my computer had been shut off and my husband and I had been eating dinner
together. We’re the only people in the house and are on a rural road where
anyone stopping near enough to pick up wi-fi would have raised our dogs in loud alarums. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">So no one near my computer had access to change the Facebook password.
Nevertheless, the Facebook procedure said the change had been made by a
computer at our locale. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">That this is not a very rare problem is evidenced by
the robotic system Facebook has in place to deal with it. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Assuring the FB
system that the change was not made from my computer, I received the message
that I should contact the police at once. Facebook’s system knew that I was
either dealing with a hacker who had a program that rapidly generates possible
passwords until it hits bingo, or a hacker who had installed spyware in my
computer. While the password-generator could take up to two weeks to crack the
hardest password, spyware would reveal it at once – on the hacker’s screen as
if he were doing it himself.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">I contacted the police and they sent me to the
nearest FBI office. The FBI agent in charge of computer hacking told me that his
office alone -- in a small city surrounded by a rural region usually considered
rather backward in technology – gets an average of a dozen hacking cases per
week. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">His advice was to destroy the infected computer, never bank on line, use
passwords that combine numbers, capital and lower case letters and change the
passwords at least every two weeks. And he urged that I put black tape over my
computer’s camera -- it could be turned on remotely to make a video of me and the
hacker could then post the video world-wide with his own commentary.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">It should be added here that there also are technically far simpler risks to
communication on line. It doesn’t require spyware, or indeed any capability out
of the ordinary, to take a “screen shot,” edit or tamper with it so that it
casts the original writer in a negative light, then post it on the internet as
a representation of the writer’s own words. The only antidote for this may be
skepticism on the part of all readers and disinclination to take action based
on what appears to be objectionable.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The point is that anything you communicate anywhere on
line may be accessed by others, not only government agencies looking for the
next suicide bomber. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">We can none of us feel secure in our privacy, and privacy
through media supplied to us by corporations may never be obtainable again. No
doubt mankind will learn somehow to live with this and find other means of
private communication—like snail mail, which won’t be breached unless someone
has a very pressing reason to be snooping on you.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The real surprise is that our governmental leaders
have been trusting to the privacy of wireless communications systems. Perhaps
they’ll have to go back to the old method of live couriers – but that is
terribly slow.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Alan Rusbridger’s article “The Snowden Leaks and the
Public” in the New York Review of Books questions the process by which
governmental security issues are left in the hands of official committees of
elder statesmen who, it’s very doubtful, have an inkling of the capabilities of
hackers. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The Snowden revelations not only are shocking us
into awareness that we’re all being spied upon by own governments, but that
what our governments amass on us is not itself secured. Anything communicated on
line, if not already accessible to any capable hacker, eventually will be. The
capacities of able young devotees of hacking regularly outstrip corporations’
abilities to maintain their security – even when they try (which obviously they
weren’t doing when channeling our every link to governments.)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Why is this dangerous? Let us set aside history – we
may be arrogant in assuming mankind will never bend to another Hitler or Stalin
again, but for now let’s keep to the present and the personal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">We’ve been living through a period in which on-line
bullying has been in fashion. Fortunately, corporations such as Amazon,
Facebook, Goodreads and even Twitter are becoming concerned and taking steps to curb it. Bullying
victims range from children to adults, businesses to politicians, authors to
actors and sports figures, or just the person next door. The first question
that comes to mind regarding on-line bullying is “Why would anyone do this?” </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">A lot of possible answers have been floated. Anne R.
Allen in her blog suggests a primal “hive” mentality – at the sounding of an
alert a primal urge prompts otherwise reasonable people to attack the indicated
target. But in the past people didn’t rise <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">en
masse</i> to hurl insults and even death threats at a stranger, as they’re
doing now.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Could this on-line attack response be a carry-over
from violent computer games? An upping of the game by playing it in reality –
with the advantages of anonymity and the merely “virtual” nature of the attack?
A target “enemy” appears in the game, or on a “tweet”, and the player must
instantly launch all his available forces to annihilate this “enemy.” The game mentality
neither includes nor allows time for analysis as to whether this really <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">is</i> an enemy. The brain is taught to
trigger with unquestioning and absolute response. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">It would take statistical studies to determine if
on-line bullies are also players of violent computer games, but it would be well
worthwhile if such a link were found. While the ever advancing skills of
hackers probably will not be curbed, and many may argue shouldn’t be, the
violence of computer games can be – perhaps with an resulting world of more
benign on-line behavior -- <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>bringing us random
acts of anonymous kindness if we must live without privacy. </span></div>
Katherine Ashehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12487069502818472478noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1846199166718566214.post-57454856255330241972013-05-11T20:11:00.000-07:002014-06-30T14:49:46.838-07:00History: Truth or Spin?<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Much of the motive to explore history is to discover how we got to where we are today. It's a common step from there to seeing the historical process that has resulted in our present state as somehow inevitable.The conventional thread of most histories thus tends to justify the winner, and to assert a continuum of rightness from whatever period is under consideration up
to the present day.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Consider the history of England as an example. Though post-Enlightenment, materialist historians might bridal at literally admitting it, there is a strong suggestion of the hand of God in the process, for each
monarch reigns officially "by the Grace of God" and is "our undoubted queen (or
king)" by virtue of that unbroken thread of right causality.</span>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">And then there is the other history of England. The one set by
the wayside at each turning that either maintained the sovereignty despite a
period of opposition, or shifted the sovereignty to new or premature hands and
required justification, usually by disparaging the loser.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Henry VI must be portrayed as a near imbecile and
Richard III a child-murderer for Henry Tudor to be embraced as God’s chosen King
Henry VII. Edward II must be an outrageous homosexual to justify his queen’s
seizing power from him on behalf of his young son, Edward III. But a catamite of King
Richard I is said to have been hurled from a parapet by Richard’s followers who
were aggravated that he spent his time at dalliance with the boy instead of
attending to the business of crusade. Yet Richard’s homosexuality has not
sullied his glorious reputation. In his case there was no regime change that needed to be
justified.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The deep-delving historian often will find two or
more sets of records from a period under study, the separate threads divided by the partisan leanings
of the events' witnesses. Should this be surprising? Read the handbill news sheets of the time of George Washington’s
presidency and you’ll find there were those who fully believed Washington was a
secret agent for the French and a traitor to the interests of his country. Had the British vanquished the colonial rebels, that view of Washington might have become standard history. England was at odds with France, and France was the rebel colonists' chief ally.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Though George Washington as France's agent now seems utterly absurd to most Americans, arrays of spin can be pitfalls for any
historian who attempts to assert a single “truth.” And when the era under study was filled
with embittered and contending parties, the pitfalls are everywhere. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Take for example the
apparently miniscule and simple issue of how King Henry III of England identified himself during the battle
of Evesham in 1265. Historians agree that he was traveling with – or under the control of –
the Parliamentary party whose military leader was Simon de Montfort; that, when
the cortege was pursued and eventually surrounded by the armies of Prince Edward, Henry accompanied the Montfortians into battle dressed in borrowed armor that concealed
his identity; and that in the heat of the battle he cried out, “Don’t kill me!”</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">But did he say, “I’m Henry of Winchester, your king!
Don’t kill me!” Or did he say, “I’m Henry of Monmouth! Don’t kill me!” This might seem a trivial
question. The first is what one would expect of a competent, elderly monarch
seeking to be rescued by Edward’s monarchist forces. They are the words a
well-meaning historian constructing a consistent thread would put in Henry’s
mouth. Yet the second outcry has the surreal ring of truth. The bright spark of the
unexpected that real life often displays.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The historian faces the choice of conventionality,
in keeping with the consistent monarchical thread, or of adherence to a
reconstruction of the evidences surviving of, in this case, the Parliamentary partisans.
For if the king said, “I’m Henry of Monmouth” (and the chronicler who recorded
this added by way of explanation, “he was simple”), then here is witness that
the king was in his dotage and incompetent – and the Parliamentarians were
justified in controlling his actions for the sake of the realm. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Monarchist or
Parliamentarian – the record splits along political lines, the very lines that
were essential to the issues in contention at the time.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">If so seemingly small a particle of history can display
such partisan weighting, what can be said of larger issues? And where lies truth? Is it
the stream of events as interpreted by those who would justify history as
leading inexorably to the present status quo? Or might it be tweezed out of the
losing party’s surviving scraps of evidence? Or is it truly lost – if indeed a
single truth ever existed?</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Only the naïve maintain they know the truth of eras
that were split and fractured by partisan politics. Or, in any comlex issue, that an objective truth ever can be asserted beyond question.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: small; line-height: 107%;">book website: www.simon-de-montfort.com</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: small; line-height: 107%;">personal website: www.katherineashe.com</span></div>
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<br />
Katherine Ashe is the author of the four volume Montfort novelized series<br />
http://www.amazon.com/Katherine-Ashe/e/B004OTWHNQ/ref=sr_tc_2_0?qid=1398361940&sr=1-2-ent</div>
Katherine Ashehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12487069502818472478noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1846199166718566214.post-63574870831565046182013-03-28T13:12:00.002-07:002014-06-30T14:50:48.976-07:00On Reviews<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Negative
reviews most probably have existed since Sophocles’ time and are a fact of life
in all the arts. Most are subjective expressions of taste, and as such are
beyond discussion: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">de gustibus non est disputandum.</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Some reviews
may show the reviewer’s limited or differing knowledge or experience. Where the
reviewer’s differing knowledge is the cause of a negative review a mutually
productive conversation might be opened – or might not.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Some negative
reviews give the writer, artist, whoever the receiver, notice of where a
passage or idea has been unclear – at least for that reviewer. Where the
problem is lack of clarity and resultant misunderstanding, the playwright in
rehearsal, the author with a book in e-file, can edit and amend. In the near
past, American theater producers routinely gave new shows out-of-town runs specifically
to elicit reviews that could help to improve their plays.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The problem
with negative reviews is seldom the content, but that negative reviews are so
often couched in language that, in other ways of communicating, would be rude.
The review is a form of writing that seems to grant exceptional freedom – not
merely compared to other kinds of writing, but in life itself. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Theater
critics for newspapers were valued for their witty blasts because readers found
them amusing. The sense that s<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">omeone </i>can
get away with such rudeness is a gleeful relief for those who live in constant
suppression of annoyances and anger. That there is an artist, a playwright, a
writer on the receiving end of the blast is of little concern, and in any case
people in the arts are seldom in a position to retaliate. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The internet
has opened a new world for reviews, and one even less circumscribed than the
professional reviewing world of the past, when editors and media policies drew
limits. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">During my
long life as a writer I’ve reviewed fine art and theater for various
publications, and my husband’s career, for some twenty years, was as a New York
theater critic for a daily newspaper. We’ve given thought to these issues. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Now, though
I’m asked with some frequency to review books, I’ll only review a book that I’ve
read to the end and deem to be of 4- or 5-star quality. If a book doesn’t move
me to give it a good review, I decline to review it at all. Why, merely because
the work is not to my taste, or my views differ, should I give a negative
review when it may be thoroughly enjoyed by somebody else?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Very few
works actually pose a danger – inciting real violence of one variety or
another. A book such as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mein Kampf</i>
would surely qualify. But most books, paintings, plays, films, music, dances
are the work of people whose aim is to entertain, to bring a dimension of added
interest to life. This is no sin. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">There are truly bad things in the world, but
the arts are very seldom among them. Yes, deplore the horrors of war, of social
injustice, of disease – but how do any of the arts deserve the high disdain and
condemnation that so often is hurled at them? </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">And the
words of critics can do real damage. Sergei Rachmaninoff was so stricken by the
cruelty that greeted his first symphony that he fell into deep depression. It
was three years before he recovered and was able to compose again. What
magnificent music did we lose in those years of his silence? What if he had
never recovered? The cruel reviewer, incidentally, was a fellow composer who
never achieved a fraction of Rachmaninoff's renown.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Every art
form seeks an audience and thrives or withers from the tone, even more than the
content, of responses. Some artists are strong and persevere, some are crushed
and the fine works they might have done never come into being. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Even Shakespeare
felt this poignant vulnerability. In his last words to his audience he says, through
Prospero, “Gentle breath of yours my sails must fill or else my project fails,
which was to please.”</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: small; line-height: 107%;">book website: www.simon-de-montfort.com</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: small; line-height: 107%;">personal website: www.katherineashe.com</span><br />
<br />
Katherine Ashe is the author of the four volume Montfort novelized series<br />
http://www.amazon.com/Katherine-Ashe/e/B004OTWHNQ/ref=sr_tc_2_0?qid=1398361940&sr=1-2-ent<br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Katherine Ashehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12487069502818472478noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1846199166718566214.post-40914279009983193862013-03-13T12:16:00.003-07:002014-06-30T14:53:17.841-07:00Answers to questions regarding my books Montfort<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</xml><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">A
few Amazon customer reviewers have expressed no tolerance for my use of the
novel form to explore possible answers for the gaps that deep research leave
open regarding the life of Simon de Montfort, and that other historians and
novelists have bridged with a set of speculations that appear to be regarded as
fact, though absolute fact cannot be discerned given the nature of the original
13<sup>th</sup> century materials.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Simon
de Montfort was a highly controversial figure in his own time. 13th-century
sources are fragmentary, very biased and inevitably subject to interpretation.
There are two opposing sets of 13th-century chronicles — those written by
Montfort’s enemies and those written by his partisans. I’ve chosen to follow
the works of his partisans. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">An
absolute knowledge of truth regarding key events in his life, including the
cause of King Henry’s accusations at the Churching of the Queen and Montfort’s
subsequent four-year exile, may never be determined beyond question. I chose to
write the<i> Montfort</i> series as a historical novel, rather than an academic
history, to have the scope to pursue the speculations my researches prompted. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">To
answer some Amazon customer reviewers’ questions:</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1) Was King Henry’s sister Eleanor a
nun?</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Eleanor’s vows were so binding that
the Archbishop of Canterbury, Edmund Rich, traveled to Rome to obstruct the
lifting of her vows by Pope Gregory IX (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Registres
de Gregoire IX, nos. 4330 and 4889</i>). Her vows and her wearing of the
sanctified ring worn by nuns made her beyond any doubt a “bride of Christ.” In
regard of 13th-century religious practice, it would be an error to
underestimate the seriousness of her vows and her bond as a bride of Christ.</span>
</div>
</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2) Simon de Montfort's name a
hanging offense for 700 years?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This statement is not in the text
itself but in the publisher’s blurb for the book.</span>
</div>
</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The earliest documentation of the
deliberate, official suppression of mention of Simon de Montfort is found in
Article 8 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">of
the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dictum of Kenilworth, </i>October
1266: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“We humbly beg the legate to
prevent, by constraint of the Church, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Simon
de Montfort from being regarded as a saint or as a just person by any man, </b>since
he died excommunicate, and miracles which some attribute to him, but which are
vain or fictitious, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">being published
abroad by any mouth. Let our lord the king consent to make the same
prohibition, under threat of corporal punishment</b>.”</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">There
are 19th- and 20th-century biographies of Simon de Montfort. However, those by
English historians, with the exception of appreciations of his battle tactics, portray
him negatively. A few 19th-century appreciations of Montfort’s political
achievement were written in England by foreigners. 19<sup>th</sup><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and 20<sup>th</sup> century biographies with
a positive view of Montfort were written in France, Germany and Canada by
Charles Bémont, Reinhold Pauli and Margaret Wade LaBarge. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">There
has been unquestionable stifling of public awareness in England of Simon de
Montfort’s role in the creation of Parliament in its modern form including
representatives of the common people.</span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3)
Simon de Montfort the father of Edward I?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Throughout
the four volumes of<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Montfort</i> there
are extensive Historical Context notes regarding a long sequence of events that
I cite in support of my <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">speculation</i>
that Edward I was Montfort’s natural son. The initial event is the well
recorded Churching of the Queen, which followed directly upon her first
confession since her pregnancy was known — a confession made to Edmund Rich,
Archbishop of Canterbury, officiating priest and a well-known enemy of Montfort.
(See Matthew Paris, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Chronica Majora</i>
for August 9, 1239. For how I interpret the Churching episode: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Montfort: The Early Years</i>, pp. 148-154,
and that volume's Historical Context section, pp. 309-311.)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">I
offer this speculation on the Churching as a plausible explanation for King
Henry’s sudden, apparently bizarre accusations against his best friend,
Montfort, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Montfort’s immediate flight
and exile for four years. King Henry’s accusations all pertain to issues long
since resolved between him and Montfort.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Historians
have been able to offer no cogent explanation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>With the freedom that the novel form provides I offer an explanation
that may or may not seem plausible to a specific reader, but that fits the
Churching episode and provides possible explanations for numerous later events in
King Henry’s erratic relationship with Montfort. And descendants of Henry III’s
son Edmund who attempted to seize the throne: Thomas (who failed), Bolingbroke
(who succeeded as Henry IV), and even John of Gaunt, give indications of
suspicion that the true Platagenet line was Edmund’s.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Matthew
Paris records that the Lusignan brothers, in Paris in 1259, claimed that
Montfort and Queen Eleanor were lovers and that they had their information from
Amaury de Lusignan’s priest/almoner at Winchester (to whom Montfort may
inadvertently have confessed during the Winchester poisoning crisis of June
1259?)</span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4)
When did the Montforts receive Kenilworth as their home?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">A
customer reviewer asserts that Montfort did not hold Kenilworth until 1253. Her
reference to the 1244 citation of Henry's granting of Kenilworth to Simon de
Montfort as "warden" refers to the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">restoration</i> of the castle to him after his return from exile, which
spanned the years 1239 to 1244. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Most
historians agree that Simon and Eleanor, King Henry’s sister, received
Kenilworth for their home as a wedding present in the early spring of 1238.
Matthew Paris unequivocally records their residence there in December 1238 when
Bishop Stavensby came to visit and died there while their guest. (Matthew
Paris, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Chronica Majora, </i>Luard,
1872-83, Vol. III, pp. 478 and 518.)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
customer reviewer bases her view on the absence of a surviving charter prior to
1253. Through the 1230s the records of the reign of King Henry III are often
incomplete. For 1238 many passages in the original scrolls (which I studied
directly at the London Public Record Office in the 1970s) were so smudged and
faded as to be illegible, others had holes in them, and there was an entire set
of membranes missing. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">These
scrolls consist of sheets of sheep skin, called “membranes,” treated to avoid
deterioration, and sewn end to end to form a scroll. The entries in the
Calendar of Charter Rolls are mutilated beyond legibility for passages as
lengthy as March 18 to July 13, 1238 — the period when the charter of
Kenilworth to the Montforts could have been issued. See online Calendar of
Charter Rolls: (Note: the online entry begins at 1233 – scroll down to 1238.)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=iJorAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA186&lpg=PA186&dq=Calendar+of+charter+Rolls+Aug+-Nov+1238&source=bl&ots=v2CGWCaFuy&sig=EigGMfPl9je9uDMPMWDHuFMLzxE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=-9o4UfLfLuaL0QHHwIC4Bg&sqi=2&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Calendar%20of%20charter%20Rolls%20Aug%20-Nov%201238&f=false"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">http://books.google.com/books?id=iJorAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA186&lpg=PA186&dq=Calendar+of+charter+Rolls+Aug+-Nov+1238&source=bl&ots=v2CGWCaFuy&sig=EigGMfPl9je9uDMPMWDHuFMLzxE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=-9o4UfLfLuaL0QHHwIC4Bg&sqi=2&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Calendar%20of%20charter%20Rolls%20Aug%20-Nov%201238&f=false</span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Between
August 19 (with the addition of three incompletely dated items) and October 30,
1238 there is an extraordinary outage and a small section of a scroll membrane
has been inserted and labeled 2d, recording an agreement with Alexander, King
of the Scots (which would have been a serious matter if it had been lost.) The
outage in the Calendar of Charter Rolls between August 19, 1238 and October 30,
1238 skips from membrane #2 (and the inserted fragment labeled 2d) to membrane
#7. An outage of this magnitude, from 2d to 7, is highly unusual at this late
date — but there it is.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">A
charter of Kenilworth to Simon and Eleanor de Montfort would have been in the
spring of 1238 — the tattered and illegible section — or in the late summer or
autumn, at the time of Montfort’s return from Rome, the legitimizing of his
marriage and full investiture with his titles — the period of the missing five
membranes.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
customer reviewer’s citing of the 1241 entry in the Patent Roll that Kenilworth
was to be in the keeping of Philip Lascelles confirms Henry’s repossession of
Kenilworth and re-staffing of it during Montfort’s exile (1239-44). Numerous
charges to the crown in the Pipe Rolls (records of the king’s expenditures)
show the improvements Henry made during this period.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">For
Montfort’s own statement of the gift of Kenilworth to him by King Henry and of
its deteriorated condition when he first received it (clearly prior to Henry’s
repairs and renovations in 1240-44): <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Document
XXXIV</i> in the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Montfort Archive</i> of
the BibliothèqueNationale, Paris, reprinted by Bémont, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Montfort</i>, 1884, p. 333. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
1253 citation regarding Kenilworth being granted to Montfort — noted by the
customer reviewer — is at the restoration of the castle to Simon for the second
time, after his return to King Henry's favor following his conquest and holding
of Gascony to ransom from Henry, his loss of his English holdings, and his
service as regent of France for King Louis IX</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5)
Could Montfort and Queen Eleanor both have been at Kenilworth nine months
before Edward’s birth?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
royal visit to Kenilworth in September 1238 — nine months before Edward’s birth
— is recorded in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Calendar of Patent Rolls</i>, Vol. 3, p.
233: September 15, Kenilworth</b>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Simon’s
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">official</i> return to King Henry's Court
was recorded in October 1238. Was he at Kenilworth in September? The
Vatican’s lifting of Eleanor de Montfort’s holy vows (which obstructed the
legitimacy of the marriage) is dated May 10, 1238. There is evidence that
Montfort, at the request of the Emperor Frederic, served voluntarily under
command of Henry d’Urberville to help subdue the emperor’s rebellious subjects
at Milan. The normal period of a knight’s voluntary service was six weeks.
There is no reason to suppose that Montfort served at Milan for any longer
period. He would have been quite able to receive the papal document and return
to England by August.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
October 1238 official record of Montfort’s return marks his return to King
Henry's Court but does not necessarily indicate the actual date of his return
to England. What man, bearing the document that makes his marriage legitimate,
and expecting the birth of his first son, would have lingered pointlessly in
Rome instead of returning home as soon as possible?</span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">6)
Edward I not the child of King Henry III?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Matthew
Paris records wide spread public concern that Queen Eleanor was barren. The Pipe
Roll of royal expenses records in Oct/Nov 1238 a payment to a physician who
advised the King and Queen to drink a certain herbal mixture and to pray at the
tomb of Saint Edward the Confessor.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">King
Henry clearly considered the Queen’s pregnancy the result of Saint Edward’s
intercession and named the child accordingly. Edward was born nine months after
their visit to Kenilworth and seven months after the King and Queen’s prayers.
It was remarked as a feature of the miraculous conception that the infant, in
gestation only seven months, had all the heartiness and development of a child
carried a full nine-month term.</span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">7)
At the Battle of Evesham did King Henry identify himself as “Henry of
Monmouth." </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">This
is what Walter of Guisborough, (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Chronicles
of Guisborough</i>, Camden Society, p. 201) records as the way Henry III
identified himself to his rescuers on the battlefield at Evesham. Guisborough
explains this by saying Henry was “simple,” meaning "deranged. "</span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Montfort</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
in manuscript was extensively vetted by professional editors and academicians,
credited in each volume’s Acknowledgements. It was decided editorially that the
Historical Context section should take the place of footnotes and that the
books should not be overloaded with references since they were intended as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">novels for a popular audience</i>.
Nevertheless, ten percent of each volume is a Historical Context section with
scholarly references and explanations of my choices of interpretation. Not many
historical novels offer their readers such support. And <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Montfort</i> does not claim to be anything other than a novel.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: small; line-height: 107%;">book website: www.simon-de-montfort.com</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: small; line-height: 107%;">personal website: www.katherineashe.com</span><br />
<br />
Katherine Ashe is the author of the four volume Montfort novelized series<br />
http://www.amazon.com/Katherine-Ashe/e/B004OTWHNQ/ref=sr_tc_2_0?qid=1398361940&sr=1-2-ent<br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
</span></div>
Katherine Ashehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12487069502818472478noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1846199166718566214.post-19641581472697751162012-12-28T14:11:00.002-08:002014-06-30T14:54:50.934-07:00Review: Vanished Kingdoms by Norman DaviesFor anyone aspiring to an education in European history Norman Davies book is a "must read." The crannies of history that have remained obscure are made painstakingly clear, from the Visigoths to the Kingdom of Poland and its Grand Duchy of Lithuania.<br />
<br />
Not only is this book essential for an understanding of Europe's chaotic history, but it clarifies, through the author's own travel experiences, what's happening now and why. Davies' approach is unique in my experience in his vivid accounts of the present conditions of the lands whose pasts he delves. Most harrowing: the effects of the soviet era, depopulating cities and regions that were centers of culture and prosperity not so very long ago.<br />
<br />
The text is littered with maps, as borders and the identity of nations change and change. One would do well to have such maps printed on clear plastic to be able to overlay them to see the lengthy passage of time, as anatomy books overlay a view into the body inch by inch. Vanished Kingdom is not easy reading, it can be head-spinning in its complexity. My advice is to take it slowly, reading a section, absorbing it, perhaps reading something else for a while (I'm taking a break with the Countess of Carnarvon's Lady Almina and the Real Downton Abbey), but forge on with Davies, for there lies wisdom, compassion and a true sense of our past.<br />
<br />
http://www.goodreads.com/review/list/4352090-katherine">View all my reviews</a><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: small; line-height: 107%;">book website: www.simon-de-montfort.com</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: small; line-height: 107%;">personal website: www.katherineashe.com</span><br />
<br />
Katherine Ashe is the author of the four volume Montfort novelized series<br />
http://www.amazon.com/Katherine-Ashe/e/B004OTWHNQ/ref=sr_tc_2_0?qid=1398361940&sr=1-2-ent<br />
Katherine Ashehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12487069502818472478noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1846199166718566214.post-56824310092277683202012-12-07T09:06:00.003-08:002014-06-30T14:55:34.824-07:00Review: The Tale of Fido Gask by Huw Thomas<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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The lowest depths of the human condition in civilized,
Western nations (specifically in this case urban England) are drawn in
exquisite detail in Huw Thomas’s <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Tale
of Findo Gask</i>. Findo is a child thief, born into a world devoid of all that
four thousand years of human effort has sought to make orderly, yet a world
utterly familiar to the 21<sup>st</sup> century reader, down to the minutest
detail of Mars bars, packaged foods and the latest in surveillance equipment. </div>
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This work is a good deal more than an entertaining
picaresque novel in the tradition of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lazarillo
de Tormes</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Oliver Twist</i>; it is
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cancelled and the rough instincts of homo sapiens are all that is ultimately
needed for survival. Findo Gask’s self effacing <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>cautions and delicately fostered skills of
observation of his surroundings are those of the human animal in a deadly
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Here the wilderness is the abandoned buildings of failed urban
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The child thief is not the only character drawn with such
insight and intimacy. A series of characters, from the drug raddled prostitute
mother, to a second generation Marxist librarian, to a lonely little middle
class girl, to an astute mobster kingpin are explored in what amount to side
essays on the history of each. While these habitual digressions of the writer
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“show, don’t tell”, it is perfectly in keeping with the shape of the picaresque
novel. </div>
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Should society not have done better in its millennia of
effort to create a civilized world?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Should governments take note and find the means to eradicate these lower
depths of suffering and violence? Or is mankind still feral in nature,
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Tale of Findo Gask</i>
is a brilliant work of observation of the human condition in its most tried and
trying circumstances short of literal battlefields, and Thomas has rendered his
insights, miraculously, in an enjoyable and compelling way.<br />
<br />
Katherine Ashe is the author of the four volume Montfort novelized series<br />
http://www.amazon.com/Katherine-Ashe/e/B004OTWHNQ/ref=sr_tc_2_0?qid=1398361940&sr=1-2-ent<br />
</div>
Katherine Ashehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12487069502818472478noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1846199166718566214.post-67413480485674544102012-11-15T16:19:00.000-08:002014-06-30T14:56:48.979-07:00Another look at bullying: Peter St. John's "Gang Territory"<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gang Territory</i> by
Peter St. John </div>
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Reviewed by Katherine Ashe, author, the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Montfort </i>series, Nov.14, 2012</div>
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World War II and the bombing of London brought about the
displacement of multitudes of children. We see photos of them, wan, frightened
as they’re herded onto trains bound for the safer countryside or they’re led
away by the firm grip of strangers’ hands. But what happened to them after
that, when they arrived at their unfamiliar destinations? </div>
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Peter St. John’s autobiographically inspired story of a boy
from a destroyed London orphanage gives us an insight. An insight not only into
the new hazards such children faced, but into the noble code of boyhood, a code
that forbade complaining when one was abused and that produced a degree of
self-reliance that would serve well in later years – provided the noble
spirited little lad survived.</div>
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As in a medieval romance, the hero’s name is never revealed
to the reader. We will call him Boy. Boy arrives in the rural village of
Widdlington which is scant of indoor plumbing but rich in gangs of children.
Every street has its own gang who guard their territory from intruders. And an
intruder is any other child who does not live on that street. This of course
makes life exceedingly difficult for Boy, whose aunt and guardian seems
oblivious to the juvenile culture surrounding her, for she makes a habit of
sending him on errands where his very life depends upon his ingenuity in
getting to his goal and back home again unobserved.</div>
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There may be individuals as completely lacking in humane
feeling as this aunt, so completely focused on a sense of being put upon, so
resentful of a young boy, and so determined to gain every instant of advantage
from the unwanted presence of a child, as to resemble a slave driver with a savage
tongue in place of whip. When the aunt seems to relent at sight of the boy’s
injuries one senses that self-protection, not pity, is her foremost, driving
motive: fear of being discovered as the abuser she is. Why is she so cramped
and mean of spirit? Seen from the viewpoint of Boy, we never learn. </div>
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But if the aunt makes his new home hellish, the principal
local bully, known as Slug, turns the entire outside world into a trial of
strategy for Boy as he must navigate from place to place nearly always under
the threat of severe bodily harm if he loses his focus of attention for a
moment. St. John sets up hazards and triumphs that make the plot predictable
but that also create suspense – and a certain admiration in the reader as we
know what must be coming but well drawn intervening events keep forestalling
the inevitable.</div>
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Widdlington is peopled with kindly folk as well as brutes:
from teachers to parents to children – mostly girls – and the local derelict
known as Dummy. Many speak in dialect although, thank heaven, Boy does not. As
yet another “Oi” for “I” is uttered, the words of Henry Higgins spring to mind:
“Why can’t the English teach their children how to speak?” Walter Scott loved
writing in dialects too, so St. John is in illustrious company.</div>
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The issue of bullying is as timely now as ever and St.
John’s exploration of the ways in which children cope: isolatedly, determinedly,
with fear and bravery, is as resonant in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gang
Territory</i> as in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Huckleberry Fin, </i>and
as salutary a reminder<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>of obtuse
adult perceptions and the complexity of the world of childhood.<br />
<br />
Katherine Ashe is the author of the four volume Montfort novelized series<br />
http://www.amazon.com/Katherine-Ashe/e/B004OTWHNQ/ref=sr_tc_2_0?qid=1398361940&sr=1-2-ent<br />
</div>
Katherine Ashehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12487069502818472478noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1846199166718566214.post-57925531822113076262012-07-18T19:26:00.000-07:002014-06-30T14:57:20.973-07:00Remembering Celeste HolmIt must have been 1992 when I met Celeste. A mutual friend, Carmela Ross, high in years to be undertaking such a thing, was launching a new theater company. The party, on New York’s East Side in the neighborhood of the UN, was chatty, congenial, attended by prospects well enough heeled to possibly invest in the company.<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">I knew no one but Carmela and was lingering by the canapés table when a voice near the front door announced loudly “I have the flu!” As if plague had been declared, the whole body of guests vacated that end of the room. It was Celeste, making a theatrical but truthful entrance. She sat demurely alone. I went to sit by her, declaring, “Well, I’ve just had a flu shot.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">This was at the time when I had a radio theater production company, Jefferson Radio Theater, lodged at Public Radio Station WJFF-FM. Like any producer, I ransacked my mind for what “property” I might have that could be of interest to this classic star of stage and screen who was quietly sniffling beside me.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Elegantly white haired, with an oval face as perfect as a Noh mask but with an impish sparkle, Celeste even in her depleted state was impressive. And I had a role for her – though there was no way in the world my little company could afford her. But, luckily, that thought never crossed my mind. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">I had a little twenty-minute playlet called “Martha Speaks Up” a monologue of Martha Washington entertaining the officers’ wives at Valley Forge with the story of how she and George met and wooed. Martha, it struck me, was a perfect role for Celeste. And when I spoke of it, she seemed to think so too.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">A few days later I delivered the play to Celeste’s Central Park West duplex, a dwelling that combined Hollywood grandeur with feminine, upper class East Coast flowery prettiness. There was of course the piano, where no doubt an array of “greats” had gathered and sung old Broadway favorites of their own creation. And there were portraits of Celeste, done by her artist mother who clearly was smitten by the beauty she had brought into the world. My favorite of the portraits showed only Celeste’s hands with a red ribbon or tassel.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">A few days later Celeste called me. She loved “Martha Speaks Up,” but, rather than do it as a radio play – could I enlarge it to a television series for her? There was a producer at PBS who was looking for a “vehicle” for her and this might be perfect.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">I had written “Martha” after reading James Thomas Flexner’s four-volume biography of George Washington. The thought of doing a thirteen-hour script on the first First Couple was exhilarating, inspiring. Yes, of course I would do it! </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Fortunately, I had a good friend in Virginia who was happy to have me come stay for multiple extended visits. Jean Ryland Walker was a Walker of Walkerton and her family had been in place since the 1600’s. She knew everyone, was related to nearly everyone, could provide insights into Tidewater culture and access to private homes that were old when Martha was a child. It took me three years to write “The Washingtons” but I had a grand time doing it.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">In the meantime, Celeste and I got to know each other better. Celeste performed “Martha Speaks Up” at various venues, including the Boston Historical Society, and I wrote a monologue companion piece for her so that the two plays made a performance of suitable length.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">And Celeste was intent upon the prospect of the Washington series. The producer at PBS faded and died so we went searching for a new producer. The search took the form of a performance of “Martha Speaks Up” at the New York City Parks Department Armory in Central Park. Several well known producers not only were invited but showed up. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The armory space turned out to be far from satisfactory with echoes and places where sound vanished, and the producers we were most hoping to interest told us they were looking for an “event” property – like “Titanic.” But the parks department people approached me and asked if I could write little plays like that for the various houses belonging to the New York City Historic House Trust – which is how I happened to write a monologue of Edgar Allan Poe. So the event was not without happy results.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">And Celeste seemed to be nursing along a producer. I completed the script, sent it for the opinion of the leading expert on Martha and was waiting his reply when Celeste was offered a role in the lucrative television series “Promised Land.” So Martha was put on hold. Then, while shooting the first episode of PL, Celeste, required to dance with a gaggle of teenagers at the location’s high altitude in Utah in stifling summer heat, collapsed and developed congestive heart failure.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ever the brave trouper, she not only completed the season but went on to do more seasons with PL. She attempted to bring me in as her writer but that couldn’t be worked out.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Before she’d gone off to Utah, I’d visited Celeste not only at her New York apartment but had driven her out to her little summer house in Hackettstown, New Jersey. In that rather shabby rustic setting that she greatly loved she told me somewhat of her life story, of her sons, one of whom was quite dear but was far away and the other with whom she had never gotten on well. And she told me of her husbands – Hollywood nightmare marriages, then her very happy marriage to fellow actor Wesley Addey. I never met him but clearly this was a marriage that gave her the companionship and love the other marriages had not.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Heading back to New York together, we stopped at a garden center and at the ShopRite grocery store in Chester. This is a vast, cool emporium with wide aisles providing vistas. And it was here I observed the “celebrity effect” in action. People came up to her, announcing – as if she didn’t know it – “You’re Celeste Holm!” and reaching a hand out at arm’s length to touch her shoulder, as if measuring the distance between themselves and fame.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">One night, when Celeste was home in New York from Utah, I got a desperate call. She was frantic. She was considering throwing herself out the window. Wesley was dead. He had come down with a relatively minor problem and been taken to the hospital. Thinking he was in good hands, she’d left him – and in the course of a commonplace procedure he had died. She was certain that if she’d stayed the apparent mistake wouldn’t have happened, or he could have been saved. She blamed herself for his death.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">I told her to sit tight and I would be right down. It’s a three hour drive from my house in rural Pennsylvania to New York City but I made it in just over two. Celeste, in a woolly robe, was sitting in the kitchen with a woman whom I took at first to be a relative – a not mentioned daughter? Diana Walker was as solicitous and able as the daughter one would have hoped Celeste had. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">We stayed with Celeste through the night, until a new shift came to help her through this agony of spirit. In the elevator, leaving with Diana, I found she, like me, was just a friend; she was a theater producer with her own company, The Manhattan Playhouse. She and I became good friends and some years later I gave her a puppy who was so pampered by her that she reconstructed a building she owned in order to provide him with a garden. If not Celeste’s perfect daughter, she was a determined and energetic friend.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Gradually Celeste recovered from the loss of Wesley Addey – and then she met Frank. She was coping with the congestive heart failure with medications so she was already somewhat depleted. She should not have been alone. There was a secretary/general factotum, but he was there only for working hours. Frank Basile was a godsend.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">I met Frank when he came bouncing into Celeste’s kitchen grinning like a boy with a big surprise. The surprise was his early arrival – just back from Teheran where he, an opera baritone with a blossoming career, had been singing. Celeste, in wonderment, had just been telling me about this young man who appeared to have fallen in love with her and who was now living with her – when he wasn’t booked to sing somewhere, which soon became seldom.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">I was skeptical. A good looking young man less than half her age? A fortune hunter? Most likely, I thought. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Frank plunked down on a chair at the kitchen table and gazed at Celeste adoringly, then proceeded to detail why he was in love with her. Her wit, her loveliness, her habit of grabbing the pole of the awning at the apartment house front door and swinging around it like a kid (which I could well believe – Celeste did things like that, delighting in puncturing the impression of an elegant grande dame.) </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">I remained skeptical. Diana Walker was more so. But year after year passed and Frank was still there. From one health crisis to another he was there, becoming her devoted care giver. His career in opera, so promising before he met Celeste, faded. Whatever he could gain from this relationship, he was sacrificing his life to it – and clearly he was sacrificing his life for her. Celeste was very happy.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Where were her sons who should have been taking care of her? They were opposing Frank and doing all in their legal powers to see to it that the apparently mismatched couple would be miserable. They got control of Celeste’s finances and put the pair on an ‘allowance’ that barely covered the grand apartment’s rent, and the couple’s basic living expenses.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Celeste went on appearing, giving performances. Sometimes irritatingly, as when the New York Philharmonic, advised by the Parks Department, contacted her when trying to reach me to book my Poe show for Poe’s centennial celebration. Instead of giving them my contact information, Celeste piped up with “I’ll do it!” And indeed she did. When I called her about another Poe event, she boldly announced “I did it!” Yes, if it was a chance to be on the stage, she took it – even from me.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Frank managed gala events for her: her birthdays, at theater restaurants where all her old friends of Broadway were invited. It was at one of these that their marriage was announced. The marriage split her friends into the approving ones and the condemning ones. I was among the approvers, seeing Frank as the care giver her sons failed to be. Most important – she seemed happy.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">But that happiness was impaired. Law suits followed as her sons tried to make sure Frank would get nothing – now or when she died. And Frank and Celeste fought back. Frank remained with her, devoted in his care of her to the end.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">It was a shameful attack that her sons made upon her life, her freedom of choice, and the one person who was willing to give up his life for hers.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Now that he’s alone, my hope is that Frank Basile’s career can begin again. But Celeste’s friends were two generations away from the producers who build careers these days.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">If Frank was a fortune hunter – he gave more than he could possible ever have gotten. If he truly loved her, then this is a strange and sad love story indeed.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: small; line-height: 107%;">book website: www.simon-de-montfort.com</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: small; line-height: 107%;">personal website: www.katherineashe.com</span><br />
<br />
Katherine Ashe is the author of the four volume Montfort novelized series<br />
http://www.amazon.com/Katherine-Ashe/e/B004OTWHNQ/ref=sr_tc_2_0?qid=1398361940&sr=1-2-ent<br />
</div>
Katherine Ashehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12487069502818472478noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1846199166718566214.post-63048472238325556922012-07-05T07:17:00.000-07:002014-06-30T14:59:00.098-07:00Even adults get bullied. What to do about it?<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:TargetScreenSize>800x600</o:TargetScreenSize> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/> <w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/> <w:OverrideTableStyleHps/> <w:UseFELayout/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<i><span lang="EN-AU">On the blog today I have a guest post by <a href="http://tahlianewland.com/">Tahlia Newland</a> author of <a href="http://tahlianewland.com/cant-shatter-me/"><span style="font-style: normal;">You Can’t Shatter Me,</span></a> a new young adult novella about bullying. Tahlia writes magical realism and contemporary fantasy for young adults & adults. Her short story <a href="http://amzn.to/tDrIT1"><span style="font-style: normal;">A Hole in the Pavement</span> </a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>is free on kindle until the <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7<sup>th</sup> July.</span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">When I wrote <i><a href="http://tahlianewland.com/cant-shatter-me/">You Can’t Shatter Me,</a> </i>although I set it in a school situation with teens as the main characters, I wrote it for everyone no matter what their age and situation because <b>even adults get bullied</b>. One of the reasons bullying is so entrenched in our society is because it permeates all strata of life, often hidden beneath an ‘acceptable’ veneer and unrecognised for what it is. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">Bullying is a persistent, deliberate attempt to hurt or humiliate someone. There are different types of bullying but they have three things in common: </span></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="EN-AU">They involve deliberately hurtful behaviour </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="EN-AU">They are repeated over time </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="EN-AU">They involve an unfair balance of power which makes it hard for those being bullied to defend themselves. </span></li>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Unfortunately, bullying is alive and flourishing on the internet. Perpetrators of cyber-bullying are called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troll_%28Internet%29">Trolls</a>, and prolonged & shockingly systematic attacks by such people on authors are becoming far too common. Katherine Ashe, one author who has borne the brunt of this kind of behavior, says, <i>“</i>That fellow authors and their friends would behave in this way on the World Wide Web is worse than shameful. It’s unprofessional and infantile.”</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">It is also quite simply wrong. However, stopping it is not a simple matter because those who bully enjoy the drama and feeling of power it gives them. Also, they are likely to find valid-sounding reasons to justify their behavior and may even not be aware that what they are doing is actually bullying.</span></div>
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<b><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">So what are we to do if we are the butt of bullying?</span></b></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">First we need to accept that we can’t control the bully’s behavior, but we can control how we let it affect us. Normally, we get angry and defensive. We lose our peace of mind. But instead of reacting with fear and hatred, we could use the situation to arouse our compassion. Having compassion in our heart calms and strengthens us, and through our changed behavior positively affects the behavior of others. Here’s the logic.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">People </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">bully because they are feeling one or more of the following.</span></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="EN-AU">Afraid </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="EN-AU">Jealous </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="EN-AU">Envious </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="EN-AU">Cruel </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="EN-AU">Angry </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="EN-AU">Insecure </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="EN-AU">Unhappy</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="EN-AU">Arrogant</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="EN-AU">Weak</span></li>
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<span lang="EN-AU">These are unpleasant mind states to be in. So the bully is unhappy or, at the least, ill at ease in some way. Just like us, they want to be happy, but they aren’t. Imagine how it would be to live with a mind and heart full of any of those emotions listed above? Ouch. Not a good feeling, right?</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">Now, try wishing that they be well and happy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Visualise them as so well and happy that they no longer feel the need to hurt others. It takes courage to turn our attitude around like this, to wish well the person who is hurting us, but each time we do it, we become stronger and more able to stay cool, calm and collected in the face of abuse. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">With this attitude we will naturally be less inclined to inflame and more likely to ease the situation. A compassionate attitude is so radical that actions imbued with it can stop bullies in their tracks.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-AU">So for online bullying I’d say</span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="EN-AU">Don’t take it personally, even if they mean it to be. It’s just a bad role they’re playing in a cruddy story. Don’t make it yours by buying into their drama.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="EN-AU">Ignore it if you can, and use the perpetrator’s suffering to arouse your compassion. Think, how awful it must be to be them, and remind yourself that their behaviour will do them more harm in the long run than it will you.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="EN-AU">If you need to respond to a valid question, or correct a misunderstanding, </span></li>
<ul type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span lang="EN-AU">don’t attack them back or use language that will inflame them. Don’t even call them Trolls in direct communications with them, instead appeal to their better nature. Even though they may seem like it, they are not Trolls by nature, just people behaving like Trolls. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span lang="EN-AU">Be very respectful and kind. Leave a short, polite, non-emotive statement. Let them know that you respect their opinion and would appreciate it if they could, in turn, keep their comments respectful. </span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="EN-AU">If it continues, it’s best that you ignore it, but if you must reply, leave another polite statement that indicates that you’re sorry they feel that way, but the manner in which they express their opinions is hostile and inappropriate. </span></li>
<ul type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span lang="EN-AU">If they are still raising the same concerns or arguments, don’t repeat yourself, instead leave links to places where you have already addressed their concerns.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span lang="EN-AU">Let them know that you do not intend to engage with them any further. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span lang="EN-AU">End by wishing them well. </span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="EN-AU">Then, say no more. Let them talk into a vacuum. If you reply to them, the whole thing will keep going. Simply don’t visit the forums where they abuse you. It will blow over eventually. </span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-AU">I use analogies and metaphors for the magical elements in my writing. One that helps here is that bullies are playing a game, but you don’t have to play with them. For a game to continue, it needs two sides, one to throw the ball and one to hit it back. If you don’t hit it back, they are left chasing the ball. So don’t play and tell your friends not to play either.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">The next time someone hassles you, remember that they are unhappy in some way and wish them happiness. See how it changes how you feel. A heart full of love and compassion is the best protection.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-AU">These are the kind of ideas that pervade <i>You Can’t Shatter Me<span style="font-style: normal;">.</span><span style="font-style: normal;"> How do they sound to you?</span></i></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU"><i><span style="font-style: normal;">You can find Tahlia's book at: </span></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<span class="mceitemhidden"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif";">Kindle: <a href="http://www.amazon.com/You-Cant-Shatter-Me-ebook/dp/B008DME8PA">http://www.amazon.com/You-Cant-Shatter-Me-ebook/dp/B008DME8PA</a></span></span><br />
<span class="mceitemhidden"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif";">Epub files for Nook, Kobo, Sony etc: <a href="http://catapult-press/shop">http://catapult-press/shop</a></span></span><br />
<span class="mceitemhidden"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif";">Files for all devices: <a href="https://www.smashwords.com/books/view/174488">https://www.smashwords.com/books/view/174488</a></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: small; line-height: 107%;">book website: www.simon-de-montfort.com</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: small; line-height: 107%;">personal website: www.katherineashe.com</span><br />
<br />
Katherine Ashe is the author of the four volume Montfort novelized series<br />
http://www.amazon.com/Katherine-Ashe/e/B004OTWHNQ/ref=sr_tc_2_0?qid=1398361940&sr=1-2-ent<br />
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Katherine Ashehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12487069502818472478noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1846199166718566214.post-26532281756201277582012-06-20T18:17:00.000-07:002014-06-30T14:59:20.711-07:00The Millennium<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/> <w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/> <w:OverrideTableStyleHps/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The millennium – a period of a thousand years in which peace, justice, the fulfillment of mankind’s hopes will be met. This idea has risen, submerged and risen again repeatedly in Western Europe and the countries effected by its cultures. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Repeatedly the notion has brought on wars, has transformed the entire economic and social structures of countries, sometimes for the better, sometimes for the worse, but nearly always at immense cost of human life.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Where does this animating idea come from? It’s associated with Christianity, but where does Jesus outline such a violent thousand- year project? He predicts that no stone of the temple in Jerusalem will remain one upon another within the lifetime of his immediate hearers.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">And he was right. Rome battered rebellious Palestine into submission within the lifetime of many of those who saw and spoke to Jesus. His prediction was not a threat but an observation that his fellow Jews were eager to take on a force that was far beyond their capacity to oppose successfully. No millennium there.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">But there is in the Lord’s Prayer an invocation of something very like what those who long for the millennium may have in mind: “Thy kingdom come, Thy Will be done on earth as it is in Heaven.” What better could one ask of life on earth?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Many references to Christian mystical events in the future are derived from the Apostle John's Book of Revelations which is highly symbolic, after the manner of ancient seers. Here is the seedbed of violent apocalypse, the nursery of the struggle for the millennium.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Much of medieval writing stored in the Vatican Library is exegesis of the Bible, and a large percentage of that focuses upon the writings of the Apostle John. Among those who wrote on the subject of the meaning of the Apocalypse was Joachim de Fiore, but his works were condemned by Pope Alexander IV as heretical. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 2009 the Vatican seemed inclined to reaffirm that condemnation.</span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">But, unlike most of the writers of biblical interpretation whose work has not, or has, been condemned by the Catholic Church, Joachim’s writings have had a profound effect on mankind’s history from medieval times to today.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mao’s revolution that transformed China, liberating it from a decrepit dynastic monopoly, drew much from the ideas of Christian missionaries who planted a radical notion of the equality of human beings and the possibility of a future in which the common people ruled.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Where the missionaries in China ceased to appeal, Karl Marx’s analyses of governments and economies took over with its offer of a way of life built upon “from each according to his ability, to each according to his need.” <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>No government has claimed to achieve full national communism, but only to be working toward that ultimate goal. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The experiments so far have been disasters. But China is evolving so rapidly now that what will be accomplished there is unknowable. And one might say that what is being achieved in China now is the result of liberation from the millennial ideal.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Both China and Russia have been engaged in apocalyptic and millennial ventures at immense human cost. Apart from presumably aiming at the "great come 'n' get it day" of millennial promise, how close they are to following in the path Joachim set out in the twelfth century is highly questionable. But lets’ look at a couple more millennial experiments: Nazism and the French Revolution.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It’s precisely because the millennial idea, lying dormant in Western ideology, is so powerful that Hitler was able to tap into it and make belief in the Third Reich such an animating prospect for the German people – a highly educated population steeped in hundreds of years of European culture. Of all the disasters brought on by millennialism, Germany achieved the most ghastly.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The French Revolution: here we have some of the most literal derivations from Joachim carried to bloodshed.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The Jacobins, infamous for the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution, acquired their name from their meeting place, the refectory of the Dominican Order on the Rue Jacob in Paris. That refectory had been the center for the teaching of Joachim de Fiore’s radical theology in the 13<sup>th</sup> century. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The Revolution, in true millennial form, declared a new calendar, and the Jacobins inaugurated it with an apocalyptic year of fanatical bloodshed – to the point where they too became victims of their violence.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In a reach for something approximating <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Joachim’s idea of a glorious millennium, like the Nazis and communists after them, the Jacobins believed they were clearing the way for a the next phase of history – a phase that was inevitable but somehow required their brutal midwifery to bring it into being.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Joachim never suggested that any action was necessary on the part of mankind for the three phases of history to march along to their fulfillment. The movement of history was God’s work. He had already accomplished two transitions, there was no reason to suppose He needed the help of finite, blundering mankind to achieve the third.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">What were the three ages Joachim proposed?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The first was the Era of the Father, a period of a thousand years of tribal social order epitomized by Moses. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The second was the Era of the Son, begun at Jesus’s birth and epitomized by him. This was to be the era that saw the rise of the Church and of nations ruled by kings and it was to last until the year 1260. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Joachim <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>based his calculation of the date on <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Revelations</i>: 11: 3: “I will give power unto my two witnesses and they shall prophesy a thousand two hundred and three score days.” He was writing at the end of the eleven-hundreds and didn’t expect to see this transition himself. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The third, the Era of the Holy Spirit, was to see the disintegration of the Church, kingship and nations. A single world-order gradually was to come into being through the thousand year period which was to being in 1260. Man was not asked to make this happen, God would do it in the predicted time.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Government would be modeled after the custom in monasteries where the abbot was elected by the monks. The voters’ choices would be wise because the Holy Spirit would infuse each soul directly with divine wisdom and guidance. Well, we haven’t reached that enlightenment yet, have we.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">But, interestingly, without bloodshed we have moved toward the technical possibility of a single world consciousness – through the evolution of the internet.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Teilhard de Chardin foresaw the process of divine motion in history as bringing on the noosphere – a development of world-wide knowledge infused in mankind -- and he foresaw it as a result of technology. Can one ask for a better definition of the internet?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">One might say Joachim just possibly wasn’t wrong -- the fit of his view to the developments for mankind in the last thousand years may show self-fulfilling prophecy, or may not.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">But if Joachim was right, and we do have a great age of a unified world at peace to look forward to, it’s not going to be achieved by class warfare and annihilations to clear the way for a way of life to be imposed upon everybody by an oligarchy or a dictator.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It will come as the past transitions have come: through a slow evolution that takes a millennium to be accomplished.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">From this vantage point in the twenty-first century it looks like it may be achieved through <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">inspiration</i>. Through invention. And who’s to say the myriad ideas, conceived in numerous heads, that have been transforming the world we live in are not the whisperings of the Holy Spirit?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">See:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Joachim de Fiore <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Expositio in Apocalypsim</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">And do have a look at Norman Cohen’s <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Pursuit of the Millennium<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="http://www.amazon.com/The-Pursuit-Millennium-Revolutionary">http://www.amazon.com/The-Pursuit-Millennium-Revolutionary</a> Millenarians/dp/0195004566/ref=sr_1_sc_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1340238444&sr=1-1-spell&keywords=Norman+Cohne+The+Pursuit+of+the+Millennium</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: small; line-height: 107%;">book website: www.simon-de-montfort.com</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: small; line-height: 107%;">personal website: www.katherineashe.com</span><br />
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Katherine Ashe is the author of the four volume Montfort novelized series<br />
http://www.amazon.com/Katherine-Ashe/e/B004OTWHNQ/ref=sr_tc_2_0?qid=1398361940&sr=1-2-ent</div>
Katherine Ashehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12487069502818472478noreply@blogger.com